Traditional Holiday Terms in German

Whether youre celebrating Christmas in a German-speaking country or you want to bring a few old-world traditions home, these German phrases and traditions will make your holiday truly authentic. The first two sections below contain general German Christmas  and New Years greetings followed by the English translations. The subsequent sections are grouped alphabetically, with the English word or phrase printed first, followed by the German translations. German nouns always start with a capital letter, unlike English, where only proper nouns or nouns that begin a sentence are capitalized. German nouns are also generally preceded by an article, such as  die  or der, which means the in English. So, study the tables, and youll be saying  Frà ¶hliche Weihnachten! (Merry Christmas) as well as many other German holiday greetings in no time. German Christmas Greetings German Greeting English Translation Ich wnsche I wish Wir wnschen We wish dir You Euch You all Ihnen You, formal deiner Familie Your family Ein frohes Fest! A joyous holiday! Frohe Festtage! Seasons Greetings! / Happy Holidays! Frohe Weihnachten! Merry Christmas! Frohes Weihnachtsfest! [A] joyous Christmas celebration! Frhliche Weihnachten! Merry Christmas! Ein gesegnetes Weihnachtsfest! A blessed/joyous Christmas! Gesegnete Weihnachten und ein glckliches neues Jahr! A blessed Christmas and a happy new year! Herzliche Weihnachtsgre! Best Christmas greetings! Ein frohes Weihnachtsfest und alles Gute zum neuen Jahr! A joyful Christmas (festival) and best wishes for the new year! Zum Weihnachtsfest besinnliche Stunden! [We wish you] Contemplative / reflective hours during the Christmas celebration! Ein frohes und besinnliches Weihnachtsfest! A merry and reflective/thoughtful Christmas! German New Year’s Greetings German Saying English Translation Alles Gute zum neuen Jahr! Best wishes for the new year! Einen guten Rutsch ins neue Jahr! A good start in the new year! Prosit Neujahr! Happy New Year! Ein glckliches neues Jahr! Happy New Year! Glck und Erfolg im neuen Jahr! Good fortune and success in the new year! Zum neuen Jahr Gesundheit, Glck und viel Erfolg! Health, happiness, and much success in the new year! Advent to Baumkuchen Advent (Latin for arrival, coming) is the four-week period leading up to Christmas. In German-speaking countries and most of  Europe,  the first Advent weekend is the traditional beginning of the Christmas season  when open-air Christmas markets (Christkindlmà ¤rkte) appear in many cities, the most famous ones being in Nuremberg and Vienna. Baumkuchen, listed below, is a  tree cake, a layered cake whose interior resembles tree rings when cut. English Word of Phrase German Translation Advent calendar(s) Adventskalender Advent season Adventszeit Advent wreath Adventskranz Angel(s) der Engel Basel chocolate balls Basler Brunsli Baumkuchen der Baumkuchen Candles to Crà ¨che (Manger) Candles, with their light and warmth, have long been used in German winter celebrations as symbols of the sun in the dark of winter. Christians later adopted candles as their own symbols of the Light of the World. Candles also play an important role in Hanukkah, the eight-day Jewish Festival of Lights. English Word or Phrase German Translation Carol(s), Christmas carol(s): Weihnachtslied (-er) Carp der Karpfen Chimney der Schornstein Choir der Chor Crche, manger die Krippe Christmas to Crescent Christ Child translates into German as  das Christkind or das Christkindl.  The moniker Kris Kringle is actually a corruption of  Christkindl. The word came into American English via the Pennsylvania Germans, whose neighbors misunderstood the German word for the bringer of gifts. With the passage of time, Santa Claus (from Dutch Sinterclaas) and Kris Kringle became synonymous. The Austrian town of  Christkindl  bei  Steyr  is a popular Christmas post office, an Austrian North Pole. English Word or Phrase German Translation Christmas das Weihnachten, das Weihnachtsfest Christmas bread/cake, fruit cake der Stollen, der Christstollen, der Striezel Christmas card(s) Weihnachtskarte Christmas Eve Heiligabend Christmas market(s) Weihnachtsmarkt, Christkindlesmarkt Christmas pyramid die Weihnachtspyramide Christmas tree der Christbaum, der Tannenbaum, der Weihnachtsbaum Cinnamon star(s) Zimtstern: Star-shaped, cinnamon-flavored Christmastime cookies Cookies Kekse, Kipferln, Pltzchen Cradle Wiege Crib Krippe, Kripplein Crescent(s) Kipferl Father Christmas to Glass Ball In the 16th century, Protestants, led by Martin Luther, introduced Father Christmas to replace Saint Nicholas and to avoid the Catholic saints. In the Protestant parts of Germany and Switzerland, Saint Nicholas became  der Weihnachtsmann  (Christmas Man). In the U.S., he came to be known as Santa Claus, while in England children look forward to a visit from Father Christmas. English Word of Phrase German Translation Father Christmas (Santa Claus) der Weihnachtsmann: Fir tree der Tannenbaum (-bume) Fruit bread (Christmas bread) der Stollen, das Kletzenbrot Garland die Girlande Gift(s) das Geschenk Gift giving die Bescherung Gingerbread der Lebkuchen Glass ball die Glaskugel Holly to Ring   In pagan times, Holly ( die Stechpalme)  was believed to have magical powers that kept evil spirits away. Christians later made it a symbol of Christs crown of thorns. According to legend, the holly berries were originally white but turned red from Christs blood. English Word or Phrase German Translation Holly die Stechpalme King(s) der Knig Three Kings (Wise Men) die Heiligen Drei Knige, die Weisen Kipferl das Kipferl: An Austrian Christmas cookie. Lighting die Beleuchtung Outdoor lighting die Auenbeleuchtung Lights die Lichter Marzipan das Marzipan (almond paste candy) Midnight mass die Christmette, Mitternachtsmette Mistletoe die Mistel Mulled, spiced wine der Glhwein (glow wine) Myrrh die Myrrhe Nativity die Krippe, Krippenbild, die Geburt Christi Nut(s) die Nuss (Nsse) Nutcracker(s) der Nussknacker Organ, pipe organ die Orgel Ornaments, ornamentation die Verzierung, der Schmuck Poinsettia die Poinsettie, der Weihnachtsstern Reindeer das Rentier Ring (bells) erklingen, klingeln Saint Nicholas to Wreath Saint Nicholas is not Santa Claus or the American Saint Nick. Dec. 6, the Feast of St. Nicholas, is the day upon which the original Bishop Nicholas of Myra (now in Turkey) is commemorated and is the date of his death in the year 343. He was later granted sainthood. The German  Sankt Nikolaus, dressed as a bishop, brings gifts on that day. According to legend, it was also Bishop Nicholas who created the Christmas tradition of hanging stockings by the fireplace. The kindly bishop is said to have thrown bags of gold for the poor down the chimney. The bags landed in stockings that had been hung by the fire to dry. This Saint Nicholas legend may also partly explain the American custom of Santa coming down the chimney with his bag of gifts. English Word or Phrase German Translation Saint Nicholas der Sankt Nikolaus Sheep das Schaf (-e) Shepherd(s) der Hirt (-en), der Schfer Silent Night Stille Nachte Sing singen Sled, sleigh, toboggan der Schlitten Snow (noun) der Schnee Snow (verb) schneien (Its snowing - Es schneit) Snowball der Schneeball Snowflake die Schneeflocke Snowman der Schneemann Snow sled/sleigh der Schlitten Snowy schneeig Snow covered schneebedeckt Stable, stall der Stall Star(s) der Stern Straw star(s) der Strohstern (Strohsterne): a traditional Christmas decoration made of straw. Tinsel das Lametta, der Flitter Toy(s) das Spielzeug Wreath der Kranz

Education and Social Welfare Personal Reflections

Social policy mainly refers to procedures, principles, and regulations that affect the living conditions of individuals.Social Welfare has changed as the country has developed and the wants and needs of people and families have become more diverse. Social Policy will never fully meet every need of every individual or family, which is why there are reforms to the current welfare programs; so that the highest amount of people can be helped. Current programs such as TANF, and HUD have always been around. They may not have always been called these things. The way I see it back in the day when they would take children to the â€Å"poor farms† was just another time of assistance. They then were trying to teach them life skills so that they could better provide for themselves and their families, and make society an equal that had work ethic. Some changes attempted to help the poor move to work other than continuing to need aid. I believe that there are many issues for social policy. First, I would have to say that an issue I feel is pressing would be meeting basic human needs. Individuals who are unable to work, whose wages are scarce, or for people who jobs are not available for; have the right to an income or even services adequate to meet their basic needs. This would include food, shelter and access to health care. With leading the nation, I would set standards and guidelines for social welfare programs and I would have chief responsibility for funding programs aimed to help meetShow MoreRelatedThe Nasw Stands For The National Association Of Social1057 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation of Social Workers. The NASW has made a code of ethics for all social workers to follow. The mission of practicing social workers is social justice for everyone, service to anyone in need, treating everyone with dignity and recognize their worth, understand the importance of human relationships, integrity in everything weà ¢â‚¬â„¢re involved in, and competence in the field. 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Human Inference Theory Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Inference Theory. Answer: Introduction Inferences describe the stages in reasoning that moves from the premises to conclusions. The inference have been divided by Charles Sanders Peirce into 3 kinds of induction, deduction and abduction. The deduction inference refers to deriving logical conclusions from the assumed or known premises to be true with valid inference laws being studied logically. Induction inference is derived from a given premises to the universal conclusions whereas abduction inference is drawn from the best explication. The human inference or how the human arrive at conclusions is studied conventionally within the cognitive psychology field; artificial intelligence scholars establish automated inference systems that facilitate the emulation of human inference. The statistical inference utilizes the mathematics to derive conclusions in face of uncertainty thereby generalizing the deterministic reasoning without uncertainty as a unique instance. The inductive reasoning describes the process by which a conclusion becomes inferred from manifold observations. This conclusion could either be incorrect or correct within a given degree of accuracy or correct in specific context. Conclusion inferred from manifold observations could be tested by extra observations. Inference is conventionally described as that conclusion arrived at based on reasoning and evidence or the process of arriving at such evidence/reason-based conclusion. Human Inference Theory and Its Application in UAEs Universities to Attract Students: Human Inference Theory (HIT) encompass a tangle of challenging as well as interrelated issues which entail contributions from diverse disciplines. Inferences are phases in reasoning which assist a person to get to a deduction from the premises. According to correspondent inference theory, the judgment of personality of a human being is stated to correspond to some particular behavior. In the correspondent inference theory, the 2 principles remained vital to infer a character of a person positively correlates with her respective behavior. For example, an action is what many people shall be anticipated to behave in a context and the response recommended traits are never obvious to reasonably draw correspondent inferences. Traditionally, rational conclusions were studied in the discipline of cognitive psychology. Here, the scholars in artificial intelligence (AI) developed a system in automated inference to imitate human reasoning (Goodman Frank, 2016). The Greek philosophers argued that any given arguments validity hinges on deduction form and the phrase valid doesnt imply that the premises or conclusion remain true. Because statistics remains the study of variable data, their respective measures reflect how the can be modelled effectively. It remains valuable to know that instruments whose scale remain imperfect and, therefore, shall make the outcome vary can measure such a data. Primarily the variability could be triggered by the seasonality of environmental variables which shall occur in the course of the day. All such variability shall culminate in the utilization of probability to make an effective conclusion whereby there is uncertainty is generalizes the deterministic reasoning. The categorical and quantitative data is used in deductions that are subjected to random variables. The likelihood where the researcher is able to estimate utilizing the confidence or utilize the Bayesian probability assists in making the right proba bility distribution hence writing an effective hypothesis and ultimately hit a conclusion. Human is divided into 3 classes according to Charles Sanders Pierce. The 3 categories encompass deductive, abduction and inductive. Deductive inference are utilized in driving thoughtful conclusions from the underlying assumptions which are known to be true. Moreover, the deductive reasoning can as be divided into 3 schools of thought. The 1st class is hinged on the performance on factual knowledge. The 2nd is category is concerned with the system of formal assumptions of reasoning to those in the logical calculus. The 3rd category is anchored on mental models of thinking to the ones of in a logical calculus (Heit, 2015). The deductive inference hits a conclusion in a reductive way whereby it applies general rules which put together the whole domain of enclosure. It narrows this range that is under consideration till the need conclusion is exited. Inductive reasoning is a process whereby several assumptions held to be true are merged together to acquire a given conclusion. The infere nce is primarily utilized in the applications which depend on predictions behavior/forecasting (Kaplan, 2013). Inductive reasoning unlike other logic, is an argument that view premises as proving a substantial evidence that lead to a true conclusion. Abduction is a logical reasoning that engages from what is under observation to a theory meant to offer an account of the observation which ideally avails the simplest explication. As opposed to other reasoning, the premises dont ideally give an assurance to the conclusion, and, therefore it is able to be understood as an inference to best result. As such, it makes the abduction inference equivalent to the logical fallacy which affirms the subsequent because of manifold conclusion in observation. Integrating inference in the construction of artificial intelligence systems occurs in two stages. In the first one, algorithms for fixed functions like mathematical calculations and calendars are written and added to the system (Hosch, 2013). The second one involves writing adaptive algorithms that mimic human inference. People continually adapt to new situations as they encounter them thus infinitely extending their knowledge base. Most computer systems have to be updated with new information and plug-ins to perform functions that were not in the initial system algorithm. Computer scientists are seeking to invent systems that can autonomously extend their knowledge base. Currently, computer systems help in executing numerous complex activities but cannot be used as substitutes for humans because they operate based on whatever information is in their system. They are incapable of processing any information that is not in their knowledge base (Copeland, 2017). Application of Human Inference Theory The application of the HIT can best be understood on the basis of the three classes according to Charles Sanders Pierce including the deductive, abduction and inductive inference. An inference is an idea usually derived from the process of reasoning. It involves using empirical data, observation or past experiences to arrive at a logical conclusion about something. Human Inference is a natural part of observation, and it is as old as history (Bradford, 2015). The human inference theory occurs within the field of cognitive psychology, and it refers to how people draw conclusions while interacting with various stimuli in their environment. According to this model, humans do not spontaneously construct logical proofs when they reason but rather, they rely on rapid intuition making their conclusions prone to systematic errors (Heit, 2015). For this reason, it has become impossible to apply logical formalism in determining and recovering assertions in human inference. However, people can use cognition to correct these errors through deliberation. Human inference also entails various tasks, some of which can be carried out at the same time. For instance, they can generate conclusions from a set of assertions, consult background knowledge to explain inconsistencies and make probable outcomes for unique events. Humans utilize the use of semantic labels (Heit, 2015). They make predictions based on a categorization of what is immediately recognizable due to a human need for cognitive economy; a term that refers to how people categorize the world to provide a maximally efficient way of representing information about frequently encountered objects (Bradford, 2015). Inductive Reasoning/Inference Inductive reasoning or inference is that reasoning from a particular instance or case and drawing a general rule. It derives inferences from the observation to reach generalization. In so doing, the Inductive Inference recognizes that conclusion could not be sure. The Inductive inference can be used in UAEs Universities to Attract Students based on four phases: observation; analysis; inference; and confirmation. Under observation, the observation will help the students to gather facts without bias and then undertake the classification of facts, identification of trends or patterns of regularity under the anlysis. Under inference, the students can effective infer generalization from the identified patterns or trends regarding the correlation between facts (Tsuda, 2015). It is also beneficial to students in arguments. For example, the students will be able to derive a general rule in the conventional area and the move a notch higher to apply such a rule in the field where he wants the person to behave. Also, it will be helpful during the arguments because it will give the students a lot of details and subsequently explicate what it all means in the specific field. Inductive arguments is also helpful to students because it will help them talk about the benefits of the portions and only get to the general benefits later. Inductive inference is helpful in argument as it enables the students to take what has occurred and provide plausible explication for why it has ensued. It gives the learners an opportunity to either use part-to-whole; extrapolation or predictions in arguments (He, 2016). Early proponents of induction inference like Francis Bacon have explained the importance of helping the students understand nature in an unbiased manner via the use of Inductive Inference because it derives laws from neutral observation. The induction utilizes evidence as opposed to logic where it states, all these are true, hence that should be as well be true. This can lead to uncertain and probabilistic conclusion than the more limited and certain deductive reasoning. The inductive arguments are, therefore, always open to queries as, by definition, the conclusion remains bigger bag as opposed to evidence on which it is founded. Such a breadth permits it to be utilized where the deductive inference fails like in the case of invention and prediction. In argument, beginning with the comprehensive anchors ones persuasion in reality, utilizing immediate sensory data of what is seeable and touchable then proceeding to the big picture of ideas, principles and general rules. Beginning from a small and building up to big is able to be less threatening than beginning with big stuff, that can make inductive arguments more convincing as students might understand the process better as opposed to a more clinical deduction. The inductive inference also attracts scientist since it enables the creation of laws through the observation of a range of phenomena, finding similarities and deriving a law that explain all things. Inductive arguments are thus made to be more valid as well as probable by adding evidence, albeit if such an evidence is selectively chosen, it could falsely hide the opposing evidence. Inductive reason needs both trust and illustration of integrity more than deductive reasoning. Deductive Reasoning/Inference This is the basic form of valid reasoning. It can as well be called deduction. It begins with a general statement or hypothesis, and then proceed to examine the possibilities to arrive at specific, logical conclusion. The scientific method utilizes deductions to test hypothesis and theories. And since learning most involve hypothesis testing, students will be highly attracted to use deductive inference. Here, the students will be able to hold a theory and based on such a theory, make credible predictions of its consequences. This implies that the students will be able to predict what the observations need to be in case the theory were correct. The students go from a general-theory-to the specific-observation. Inferences is a basically a set of strategies that help the students develop the essential thinking skills to succeed in tasks. The teachers use inference strategies to appeal to students. All inference strategies work in similar manner: A teacher presents learners with a puzzling query, a discrepant incident, incomplete data, or even an exciting problem to solve. Learners are then anticipated to utilize their reasoning powers to develop hypotheses. The students then test and refine the developed hypotheses. This skill has a broad array significant impact on the achievement of students in UAEs universities. The students can use different process when drawing their conclusions including inductive learning, mystery, main idea and investigation as inference strategies. Inductive learning helps learners to draw inferences by grouping the data, labelling data groups with descriptive titles, and utilizing groups to produce and test hypotheses. Mystery will present the students with a puzzling question or context and has learners examine clues which help them explicate the mystery (Whitney,2002). Main idea teaches the learners how to use inferential thinking when constructing main ideas which are not stated explicitly. Investigation challenges the students to utilize a range of problem-solving approaches that need inference. Together, these four inference strategies deepen the interaction of the students with the content and develop their inference skills. They improve students thinking and classroom discussion. Conclusion Human beings reason subjectively while using their life experiences as a reference (Whitney, 2002). Supposing that two people encounter the same experiences, the meanings each derives from them are unique as our schemas. Scripts are not universal because people react differently to different stimuli. However, they are culturally crafted. For example, a script for eating in the English culture involves placing a napkin on the neck or lap and using a fork and knife. In Chinese culture, food is eaten using chopsticks and so acquiring a script requires learning how to use chopsticks. A person aiming to either understand how people reason as in cognitive psychologists or how to best mimic human reasoning in machines as in computer scientist has to strive to understand how people construct the references they use for inference. References Bradford,A. (2015). Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html Copeland,B.J. (2017). Artificial Intelligence | Definition, Examples, and Applications | Britannica.com. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence Gabbay, D., Hartmann, S., Woods, J. (2010).Inductive logic(1st ed.). Oxford: North-Holland. Goodman, N. D., Frank, M. C. (2016). Pragmatic language interpretation as probabilistic inference. Trends in cognitive sciences, 20(11), 818-829. Hacking, I. (2001).An introduction to probability and inductive logic(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. He, X. (2016, February). Understanding Diffusion Processes: Inference and Theory. In Proceedings of the Ninth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 707-707). ACM. Heit,E. (2015). Brain imaging, forward inference, and theories of reasoning. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1056. Retrieved from https://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01056 Hosch,W.L. (2013). Genetic Algorithm | Computer Science | Britannica.com. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/genetic-algorithm Kaplan, M. F. (Ed.). (2013). Human judgement and decision processes. Academic Press. MacKay, D. (2003).Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms(1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Rugg,G. (2013). Schema theory, scripts, and mental templates: An introduction | hyde and rugg [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://hydeandrugg.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/schema-theory-scripts-and-mental-templates-an-introduction/ Tsuda, I. (2015). Logic Dynamics for Deductive InferenceIts Stability and Neural Basis. In Chaos, Information Processing and Paradoxical Games: The Legacy of John S Nicolis (pp. 355-373). Whitney,P. (2002). Schemas, Frames, and Scripts in Cognitive Psychology - International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved from Goldman, A. I. (2015). Theory of human action. Princeton University Press.

Sammy Essays - Major League Baseball, Baseball, Chicago Cubs

Sammy Sosa And Mark McGwire Probably the best season in baseball history has nearly come to an end. The home run race was, for sure, the highlight of the 1998 season. The two front-runners of this race were Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire. In this essay I will compare their lives. I will tell about how different their childhoods were. I will explain how differently the media treated each player during the season, and I will tell about each player's accomplishments, and who I think should win the MVP award. Sammy Sosa grew up in the Dominican Republic. His family lived in poverty. His father was a farmer, and passed away when Sammy was only 7 years old. Many people helped Sammy's mother with food and clothing for he and his 5 siblings, something Sammy would never forget. He helped his family by shining shoes, and working as a janitor in a shoe factory. Mark McGwire grew up in suburban southern California, the son of a dentist, so money was never an issue. He had the support of his father throughout his entire career, unlike Sosa. Sosa is probably much more grateful for his accomplishments than Mcgwire because he came from such poverty. It was surprising how different the media treated both of the players. It seemed their focus was on McGwire, with Sosa just a tag-along in a fluke season. When Mark McGwire hit homer number 62, the game stopped, the red carpet rolled out, a podium set up, and a 30 minute ceremony ensued. Then a few days later, when Sammy hit number 62 to put his team ahead in the late innings of a very important game, play resumed like it was just another day at the ol' ballpark. Mark, after hitting his homerun, was congratulated by Roger Maris's family (the man who set the record of 61 homeruns), the commissioner of baseball, and many other baseball greats. On the other hand, Sammy was content with a few insincere phone calls, and a pat on the back by his teammates. They each accomplished the same feat. Why such a diverse acknowledgment? At the completion of the 1998 regular season McGwire finished with 4 more homeruns than Sosa, but this was the only category that he led Sosa in. Sammy batted .308 compared to Mark's .299. Sosa drove in 158 runs, while McGwire drove in 147. Sosa finished with an astounding 198 hits, and McGwire managed only 152. Sammy scored 134 runs and Mark only 130. The numbers are very clear, that Sammy Sosa is a much better all-around player, not to mention that he led his Chicago Cubs to their first postseason appearance in 9 years. Any person who thinks Mark McGwire is a more valuable player than Sosa is completely unreasonable. Mark Mcgwire's and Sammy Sosa's childhoods were tremendously different, but it seems the game of baseball has brought them together. If Sosa, clearly having better statistics than McGwire, does not win MVP, I will have to ask myself "Was it because he was black?" I hope the sports writers will save us the controversy and vote for the Most Valuable Player; after all, that is what MVP stands for.

Fallacies Straw Man Arguments

Fallacies Straw Man Arguments Fallacies: Straw Man Arguments Sadly, straw man arguments do not involve literal scarecrows. Rather, they are a type of fallacy: i.e., an argument that sounds convincing but contains hidden mistakes. But what exactly does a straw man argument involve? And how can you avoid them in your written work? What Is a Straw Man Argument? Could you beat this guy in an argument? Building a â€Å"straw man† implies constructing an idea that is easy to argue against rather than engaging with the real issue. This typically involves distorting your opponent’s ideas or beliefs to make it easier to refute them (even if you’re not â€Å"refuting† their actual arguments). For example, imagine an argument between Cheryl and Bob: Cheryl: Parents have a responsibility to expose their kids to learning at home as well as at school. Bob: Pedagogical theories that claim children don’t benefit from school are no use to anyone. Bob’s argument here is a â€Å"straw man† because he has misinterpreted what Cheryl was saying. And instead of responding to her suggestion that education can occur outside the classroom, he is arguing against something she never said: that children don’t benefit from school. Most straw man arguments are subtler than this. But they all involve misrepresenting someone to make it easier to win an argument. How to Avoid Straw Man Arguments It is possible to make a straw man argument without realizing it. This can happen, for example, if we don’t fully understand something that we are arguing about in a college paper. As such, to avoid this fallacy in your work, you should always: Read your source closely. And when you’ve read it once, re-read it so you have a full understanding of what the author is saying. Keep close track of your sources and cite them clearly. This will ensure you’re always engaging closely with the person you’re arguing against. Be charitable when interpreting your opponent’s arguments. Are you sure they mean what you think they mean? What else could they be saying? Look for sources that defend the position you’re arguing against. If they make good points, acknowledge and engage with these ideas in your work. Remember you’re trying to find the truth. If you need to distort someone’s ideas to beat them in an argument, you’re missing the point! With the above in mind, you should be able to avoid making straw man arguments. And if you’d like help expressing yourself clearly, don’t forget to get your work proofread.

How to Read and Write Byte Streams in Java

How to Read and Write Byte Streams in Java Reading and writing binary streams is one of the most common I/O tasks a Java application can perform. It can be performed by looking at each individual byte in a stream or by using a more structured buffered approach. Note: This article looks at reading binary data from a example.jpg file. If you try this code then simply replace the name of the example.jpg with the path and name of a jpeg file on your computer. Byte by Byte The java.ioclass was the first Java api to provide Input/Output functionality. It has two methods that can be used to input and output byte streams (blocks of 8 bits) from and to a file. These classes are the FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. These methods provide a basic method of I/O by allowing a file to be input or output one byte at a time.  In practice its better to use a buffered method for binary streams but its good to look at the most basic building block of the Java I/O functionality. Notice how we place the I/O handling inside a try, catch, finallyblock- this is to make sure we handle IO exceptions and to properly close the streams. The catch block will show any I/O exceptions that occur and print a message for the user. In the finally block its important to close the streams explicitly by calling the close method otherwise they will remain open and a waste of resources. There is a check to see if the FileInputStreamand FileOutputStreamare null before attempting to close. This is because an I/O error could occur before the streams are initialized. For example, if the file name is incorrect the stream will not be opened properly.In the tryblock we can add code to read in the bytes:The readmethod reads in one byte from the FileInputStreamand the write method writes one byte to the FileOutputStream. When the end of the file is reached and there are no more bytes to input the value of -1 is returned. Now that Java 7 has been released you can see the benefit of one of its new features- the try with resources block. This means that if we identify the streams to the try block at the beginning it will handle closing the stream for us. This eliminates the need for the finally block in the previous example: The full Java code listings for the two versions of the byte reading program can be found in Binary Stream Example Code.

Ajusting to life in a Nursing Home Research Paper

Ajusting to life in a Nursing Home - Research Paper Example al. (2001) Figure 1 clearly shows the dimensions of emotional closeness of the caregiver and the resident. Then subjective verifications are suggested that the relatives are fanatically concerned with the responses of their resident while his or her adjustment in the new environment. They usually do not consider the cognitive impairment of the patient as result of their main concern with the ultimate well being of the patient. The SPM, thus provides provisions for the stress of both resident and the caregiver. Analysis of Potential reasons Achterberg, et. al. (2006), conducted an empirical research to analyze the relationship between the prevailing symptoms of depression among the patients who recently joined the nursing home in comparison with their original residence. In this context 562 patients in 65 nursing homes were examined during a period of ten days right following the admittance. People of different age groups, genders and having varied diseases were included in the target population. Their depressive indictors in both major and minor stress situations were checked. This research concluded into the facts that depression is definitely evident among the resident of nursing homes. Patients coming from family life were found more depressed than those coming from any hospital. Moreover, further research is required to be conducted in order to manage and prevent these symptoms during or before admission of the patients. Assistance in Regaining Normality Kruczek (2007), a head nurse of a nursing home, states that this sort of depression is more common among the elderly residents who are chronically ill and it is difficult to involve them in the routine life. This is may be because they are willing to stay with their family but... Achterberg, et. al. (2006), conducted an empirical research to analyze the relationship between the prevailing symptoms of depression among the patients who recently joined the nursing home in comparison with their original residence. In this context 562 patients in 65 nursing homes were examined during a period of ten days right following the admittance. People of different age groups, genders and having varied diseases were included in the target population.   Their depressive indictors in both major and minor stress situations were checked. This research concluded into the facts that depression is definitely evident among the resident of nursing homes. Patients coming from family life were found more depressed than those coming from any hospital. Moreover, further research is required to be conducted in order to manage and prevent these symptoms during or before admission of the patients.Assistance in Regaining NormalityKruczek (2007), a head nurse of a nursing home, states that this sort of depression is more common among the elderly residents who are chronically ill and it is difficult to involve them in the routine life. This is may be because they are willing to stay with their family but had to adjust themselves which make them feel dejected.   She suggests special training for the concerned staff and suggests some positive ideas for managing this distress:†¢Ã‚  Developments of positive relationship with the dealing staff by making them feel at home. Home is a place where one is independent to follow his own will.

Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Financial Management - Assignment Example In this research we analyzed how the company could revive its position with the growth rate of 20% in revenues and would be the future impact of investment decisions and losses made at Kuwait by the company1. Research Methodology The research employs secondary research methodology for analyzing data and reaching conclusions. High emphasis had been laid on studying the annual statements of the company, e-journals, financial books and magazines. Organizational Background Industry Background The market research industry has grown globally into a number of areas and sectors including financial research, business research and marketing research. Companies like Grail Research, Global Insight and ICRA are one of the top most companies in this field globally. Companies with the help of innovative and latest technologies along with the use of various business tools, come up with results that are practical and profitable for many other companies. Also companies in this industry employ various pricing and differential strategies to be ahead of competition2. Company Information Synovate FZ-LLC is a market research consultancy in Dubai. It is a free zone company registered with limited liability pursuant to regulations issues by Dubai Government and Media Free Zone Private Regulations, 2003. The company current has revenues of AED 27.24 million with net loss of AED -5.4 million in 2008. The company is also having going concern issues currently. This is primarily due to negative equity of AED 6.6 million of the company along with the operating losses described above. The product and services of the company are basically related to industry research. The company has offices in over 60 countries and operates as a global brand in global market research firm3. Mission The mission of Synovate FZ-LLC is to showcase how market research is deriving changes in an enterprise, the market place as well as the society. Services As discussed earlier the company is into marketing research. The product and services of the company are basically related to industry research. The company has offices in over 60 countries and operates as a global brand in global market research firm. The company researches various companies, sector and industry for new investment opportunities of for some other specified reason. My Role I worked with Synovate FZ-LLC as a sales executive and I am in direct contact with the management team of the company and have thereby utilized my knowledge, experience and relationship for building this proposal. Financial Management The objectives of financial management are to maximise owners wealth by â€Å"Planning, directing, monitoring, organizing, and controlling of the monetary resources of an organization†4. To achieve the above definition, financial management involves the following: 1. Financial Planning and control: how the resources will be managed effectively in order to achieve the financial objectives. 2. Managing of working capital: managing day to day operations, this includes managing current assets components: Cash and

Algebraic expressions.Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Essay Example for Free

Algebraic expressions.Elementary and Intermediate Algebra Essay Algebraic expressions Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the introduction to Algebra, the first assignment for the first week will involve using real numbers in place of integers to simplify expressions. Everyone needs to take his/her time to grasp the rules and the steps which are followed in algebra as this will form a concrete base for the algebraic expression understanding. One needs to understand the mathematical fundamental elements so as not to incur problems in solving any algebraic problems. For instance, one needs to be clear with the properties of integers as these are the same properties which apply to the real numbers. The first step in dealing with equations is removing the parenthesis. If an equation requires you remove the parenthesis from the equation, distribution becomes a necessity. Like terms should be grouped together when multiplying the integers that are inside the parenthesis to perform any indicated operation (Dugopolski, M.(2012  ), 2, p.67).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following is how I attempted to handle the assigned equations in the simplest form. In the left side of the page, I have put the mathematic equation, and in the right side there is my explanation of the steps I followed. 2a(a-5)+4(a-5) Equation =2a ²-10a+4a-20 remove the distributive properties from the parenthesis = 2a ² -6a-20 then we get the coefficient. =a ²- 3a 10 then we simplify the expression. In the next equation, 2.  2w-3+3(w-4)-5(w-6) the equation =2w-3+3w-12-5w+30   remove the distributive properties from the parenthesis =2w+3w-5w-3-12+30 then we get the coefficients and. =15 combine them In the third equation, 3. 0.05(0.3m+35n)-0.8(-0.09n-22m) the equation =0.015m+1.75n+0.072n+17.6m remove the distributive property from the parenthesis =0.015m+17.6m+1.75n+0.072n simplify by putting the like terms together and =17.615m+1.822n combine them References Dugopolski, M. (2012  ). Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Source document

Gun Control Problems and Solutions Essay -- Constituton Bill Rights Ri

The problem with guns is fairly obvious: they decrease the difficulty of killing or injuring a person. In Jeffrey A. Roth's Firearms and Violence (NIJ Research in Brief, February 1994), he points out the obvious dangers. About 60 percent of all murder victims in the United States in 1989 (about 12,000 people) were killed with firearms. Firearm attacks injured another 70,000 victims, some of whom were left permanently disabled. In 1985, the cost of shootings was an estimated $14 billion nationwide for medical care, long-term disability, and premature death. In robberies and assaults, victims are far more likely to die when the perpetrator is armed with a gun than when he or she has another weapon or is unarmed. I believe that there are a few solutions that can be used to solve this problem at both a community and national level. The first course of action is to establish a national system for registering guns and ammunition. Anyone can obtain a gun by going to a state with less restrictive laws or by getting a friend who lives in the state to buy the guns for them. A national system would prevent this by scaring those "friends" into not buying the guns legally and selling them illegally, for if the guns are used in an illegal crime, that person can be held accountable. Secondly, a national system would be more helpful in tracking crimes after they have happened, to bring the perpetrators to justice. Instant background checks, on people attempting to buy... Gun Control Problems and Solutions Essay -- Constituton Bill Rights Ri The problem with guns is fairly obvious: they decrease the difficulty of killing or injuring a person. In Jeffrey A. Roth's Firearms and Violence (NIJ Research in Brief, February 1994), he points out the obvious dangers. About 60 percent of all murder victims in the United States in 1989 (about 12,000 people) were killed with firearms. Firearm attacks injured another 70,000 victims, some of whom were left permanently disabled. In 1985, the cost of shootings was an estimated $14 billion nationwide for medical care, long-term disability, and premature death. In robberies and assaults, victims are far more likely to die when the perpetrator is armed with a gun than when he or she has another weapon or is unarmed. I believe that there are a few solutions that can be used to solve this problem at both a community and national level. The first course of action is to establish a national system for registering guns and ammunition. Anyone can obtain a gun by going to a state with less restrictive laws or by getting a friend who lives in the state to buy the guns for them. A national system would prevent this by scaring those "friends" into not buying the guns legally and selling them illegally, for if the guns are used in an illegal crime, that person can be held accountable. Secondly, a national system would be more helpful in tracking crimes after they have happened, to bring the perpetrators to justice. Instant background checks, on people attempting to buy...

Developed radical behaviourism Essay

Skinner (1904-1990) developed radical behaviourism. Skinner concerned himself only with scientific methods and only observable behaviour. Skinner believed that all behaviour is learnt from environmental consequences or operant conditioning. Skinner went on to assert that behaviour is more or less likely depending on the consequences as a result of that behaviour (reward/punishment). Skinner highlighted his theories with experiments on animals, mainly rats. Skinner devised an experiment in which a rat was put into a box where the pressing of a lever would release food for the rat to eat. The stimulus of hunger, led to the behaviour of pressing the bar, lead to the reward of food. The pressing of a bar for food is not normal rat behaviour so the rat had to be taught to do so. This showed that the rat pressed the bar for food, meaning that the rat had to operate on its environment to gain either reward or punishment. If the reward comes every time for the behaviour then the behaviour is permanently learnt, or ‘stamped in’. (Skinner, 1953) Ivan Pavlov developed classical conditioning. The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that classical conditioning concerns itself with behaviour that an animal already has. Pavlov conditioned a dog that already salivated at the sight of food to also salivate at the sound of a bell. This was achieved by Pavlov ringing a bell when ever the dog was about to be given food. This meant that the dog became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell (stimulus) to receive its food (reward). Pavlov and more so Skinner regard all behaviour as a product of the environment, as highlighted in these two experiments. Behaviourism had a key influence on psychology as a science. The use of scientific experiments led to psychologists focusing observable, objective measures of behaviour. This approach to psychology has a very practical use. The treatment of phobias takes its influence from behaviourist research, A phobic person can be conditioned to overcome their fear. The idea that people learn from their environment lead to educational policy being influenced as poor grades could be a result of poor educational environment. Behaviourism has received criticism for its denial of free will and the belief that people are simply the product of their environment. The behaviourist perspective that all behaviour is learnt from the environment was challenged when it was shown that people also learn through observing others and through insight. (Bandura, 1986) One shortcoming of the behaviourist perspective is that emotional and mental processes of the individual were not taken into account as they were not seen as an appropriate area of study as they could not be directly observed and objectified. (Pennington, 2002) Humanism emerged in the U.S.A. in the 1960s. The main proponents of this approach were Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Humanists believed that psychodynamics and behaviourism neglected key aspects as to what it is to be human, for example, only relying on scientific and observable methods neglected what it is to be human, humanists believed. Humanists also argued that the psychodynamics relied too much on the unconscious and childhood rather than the conscious mind and the here and now. The humanist approach is known as Phenomenological as it focuses on the human experience. Humanists believe that each person is unique and the focus of the approach is on the subjective feelings and emotions of individuals. This is referred to as ideographic, meaning that it focuses on the uniqueness of the individual rather than common laws or the similarity of personality. Humanists propose that humans do have free will and are not the sole product of their environment or childhood experiences. Humanists argue that people and personality should be viewed as a whole and that the breaking down of various aspects of personality results in the loss of the whole. Rogers (1902-1987) believed that all people have a tendency to self actualise, or attempt to reach their full potential. This can be anything from playing a sport to writing an essay. People self actualise in different ways and through different achievements. Rogers (1980) assumed that we need love from other people; he called this unconditional positive regard. This unconditional positive regard is seen in the unconditional love of a mother to a child. Rogers argued that this love is essential to well adjusted adults. He went on to state that many adult problems can be as a result of not receiving this positive regard. Using his theories Rogers developed client centred therapy, Rogers would treat his clients with unconditional positive regard so that he could restore their lack of it. Rogers believed that many adult problems arose when people’s concept of themselves were incongruent with their actual experiences. For example, someone may think that a football player played well in a game setting up two goals, but the player them self might not agree thinking that they should have scored at least once. Rogers believed that a balance between this self view and the view of the world led to satisfaction and incongruence leads to conflict. (Rogers, 1951) Humanism promotes the idea that humans have free will to choose how they act and behave, the idea of personal responsibility and the idea that humans do not just passively respond to environmental stimuli. The approach also recognises a person as having their own needs as an individual. The humanist approach adds validity to the subjective experience and feelings of the here and now.  Humanism rejects the scientific approach as this does not allow for thoughts and feelings to be taken into account. This has meant that little objective evidence is available. Humanists believe that the lack of objective material is not relevant as long as people benefit from the humanist approach to therapy, and lead better lives. (Pennington, 2002) Having looked at the three main approaches to psychology it can be seen that all three have differing views and approaches to the psychology field. Behaviourism is the more scientific approach that enabled the study of the mind to stand up against other sciences. Freud and psychodynamics was the first force of psychology that has got Freud the nickname ‘godfather of psychology’. Rogers drew on both behaviourism and psychodynamics to come up with theories of the ‘whole’ self. The study of the mind can not be categorised into just one field of study. To truly understand the psychology of the human psyche one must use all three approaches and even add their own interpretation to this ever expanding field of study. Can we ever truly understand our own mind? The search goes on.

Surface runoff

Wind and water erosion are now the two primary causes of land degradation. The most effective known method for erosion prevention is to increase cogitative cover on the land, which helps prevent both wind and water erosion. Vegetation acts as an interface between the atmosphere and the soil. It increases the permeability of the soil to rainwater, thus decreasing runoff. It shelters the soil from winds, which results in decreased wind erosion, as well as advantageous changes in micrometer.The roots of the plants bind the soil together, and interweave with other roots, forming a more solid mass that is less susceptible to both water and wind erosion. The removal of vegetation increases the rate of surface erosion. De Beats, Oppose, J. Glasses, G. , Knap, A,(2006) Effects of grass roots on the readability of topsoil during concentrated flow-Geomorphology Volvo. 76 Issue 1/2, pop-67. The results indicate a negative exponential relation between the relative soil detachment rate and root d ensity as well as root length density, independent of the applied flow shear stresses.A comparison between the effects of vegetation cover on sheet and rill erosion rates and those of the root area ratio of grass roots on relative soil detachment rates reveals that grass roots are very effective in reducing soil detachment rates. Objective of the Study This study aims to come up methods on how to reduce soil erosion in mountainous areas using locally or commonly known plants or garden plants. Some examples of these plants may be grass, corn and root crops. Specifically, it answers the following: 1) TO identify the soil losses Of the soil properties Of the plant covered land. ) To elucidate the effects of residue cover on run off and erosion. 3) To assess the likely impact of soil erosion in mountainous areas. Significance of the Study The study will provide alternative ways in mitigating soil erosion by using different commonly known plants or garden plants. It would also enumerate some ornamental plants or edible plants that can be used to mitigate erosion and that they are locally available and abundant. This study will also be beneficial to future engineering as it provides studies and information of how effective vegetation cover as a method for erosion reduction.Literature Review Soil Erosion Reduction Using Grass De Beats, Oppose,J. Glasses, G. Knap, A. (2006) studied effects of grass roots on the readability of topsoil during concentrated flow. . The main objective of the study is to investigate the impact of root density and root Engel density of grass on the readability of root-permeated saturated top soils. And found out that the results indicate a negative exponential relation Lewis, Timothy D. Rowan, John S. Hawse, Cathy McKenzie, Blair M. (2013) studied assessing the significance of soil erosion for arable weed seed bank diversity in agro-ecosystems.The main objective of the study is to assess the likely impact of soil erosion on the composition a nd abundance of the arable weed seed bank, and presents an overview of erosion mechanisms affecting arable land coupled with an outline of the main factors influencing arable deed seed bank abundance and composition. And found out that net erosion data conceal within-field sediment deposition within swales, foot slopes, buffer strips and hedgerows which provides a further dimension of spatial restructuring of weed assemblages. Seed size and shape also influence hydrodynamic behavior through selective entrainment and preferential deposition.

HRM Information systems essays

HRM Information systems essays HB Enterprise is a geographically dispersed organization with a workforce of approximately 1000 staff providing a wide range of support and commercial services to the hospitality industry. At this stage HB Enterprise relies on a HRMIS which is both manual and computerized. The organization is intending to select and implement a fully integrated client/server Human Resource Management System. The purpose of this report is to make recommendations on how to analyse the effectiveness of the existing HRMIS, which is both manual and computerized and how to establish the requirements of a new integrated computerized HRMIS software application. Is a new computer based system necessary? This must be one of the main questions answered by decision makers involved in evaluation the existing system, what will be the benefits for the organization and will the benefits justify the costs? If the current system is failing to meet the set objectives what might be the cause? The first step in the process of analyzing existing and desired systems is to establish a team, this team needs to develop a schedule for meeting objectives, develop a list of resources required at each stage establish milestones in the process for monitoring progress. However it is important to establish what the system is used for its purpose, it is essential to align the organizations corporate and HRM objectives if the system is to succeed. (Stone, 1995, p.31) Then it is important to decide if a new computer system is the most cost effective way of achieving the predetermined objectives. Perhaps the current system requires modification and improvement. However, larger organizations with complex human resource information needs are likely to find a computer based system more cost effective, quicker and able to provide more comprehensive information than a manual system. Edwards (1986, p.13) lists the following as typical objectives established by a projec...

Tips for Working on Group Projects in Business School

Tips for Working on Group Projects in Business School Group projects are designed to help you improve your ability to lead and work as part of a team. But as anyone who has ever worked in a team atmosphere knows, completing a project as a group can be difficult. Every group member has different ideas, temperaments, and schedules. And theres always at least one person who doesnt want to commit to doing the work. You can cope with these difficulties and others by employing some of the group project tips below. Tips for Working on Group Projects If you have the opportunity to choose members for your group, choose carefully and consider everyones skills and abilities before making your decision.Hold a meeting to discuss the project and the desired results in detail before getting started.Make assigned tasks and progress reports visible to everyone. This will keep members motivated and on point.  Make sure that work is equally distributed among the group.Make sure that everyone (including yourself) understands their personal responsibility.Create an online calendar and task list so that everyone can easily keep track of project progress, important dates, and other essential information.  Take advantage of these useful  Mobile Apps for MBA Students  to help you create common virtual spaces, share files, communicate and network with your peers.Try to meet at a time that is convenient for everyone in the group.Create a group communication plan and stick with it.Track communications and request that others acknowledge emai ls and other communications so that nobody can claim later on that they didn’t receive instructions or other information. Stay on top of deadlines throughout the project so that the final deadline doesnt create a lot of stress for the group.Follow through on your commitments and encourage other people to do the same. What to Do When You Dont Get Along with Group Members Remember that you dont need to like someone to work with them.Do not let your differences interfere with the project or your grade. It is not fair to you or the other group members.Try to concentrate on what other people are trying to say versus how they are saying it. Some people are naturally abrasive and do not realize the effect it has on others.Do not get angry with people who are not following through on commitments. Be the bigger person: find out what the problem is and how you can help.Dont sweat the small stuff. It sounds cliche but it is a good motto to employ when working on a group project.Try to communicate with the people you are having problems with. Feel free to share your feelingsbut do not lose your temper.Dont expect other people to change their personality for your benefit. The only behavior that you can control is your own.Lead by example. If others see you acting respectably and responsibly, they will be more likely to do the same.Consider yourself lucky. The op portunity to work with difficult people in business school will give you the practice you need to deal with difficult co-workers in the post-graduation world.

What's worth preserving-King Kong 2005 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What's worth preserving-King Kong 2005 - Essay Example But paired with a brilliant script and good direction, the maker’s of Kong 2005 knew it was a recipe for success, and not just the box-office kind. No other remake of a fiction film was able to reflect realities or tell truths than the original in such a thrilling and tear-jerking fashion. And truthfully speaking, that’s what really counts. To say that the film took audiences at the edge of their seats is an undeniable understatement. Even without seeing Kong, the scene with the savages is enough to make one suddenly â€Å"goosebumpy†. King Kong then finally arrives and a screech from Ann Darrow confirms the presence of the big beast. And lo, Kong never looked more like a real gorilla. Cheers to science! Thanks to science and the filmmaker’s reference to it that kids watching the movie can easily identify with what their watching. With its massive size, huge fangs, and intimidating bearing, one might think that fear is something that’s instantly instilled in innocent minds as they realize that there are real beings bigger than their parents looking exactly like it. And spectacular as the wrestling scene was with the T-rexes, the big ape is now alone with a human being, â€Å"Is it dinner time?† But then, all fear of the girl being eaten is suddenly gone as they all see that the 50-foot monster is, indeed, the gorilla that they learned in school—it eats plants. And speaking of learning, I remember a story of a friend who shares the same sentiments as I have on the film. He watched the movie with his cousins and their families and their little nephews and nieces watched too. When it came to the particular scene I just mentioned, he laughed quietly as his cousin says to her son, â€Å"See Andre? If you want to be big and strong like King Kong, you have to eat vegetables too.† Again, cheers to science! The film goes on and we realize that Kong of 2005 is more of a gorilla than

According to Markides (1999) There is surprisingly little agreement on Essay

According to Markides (1999) There is surprisingly little agreement on what strategy really is. Critically analyse this statement with reference to the many different definitions of strategy - Essay Example is report aims at understanding the various definitions that have been set down by the various authors in the past and to analyse whether the statement by Markides (1999) has significance in the true sense. The following section will deal with the various definitions that have been developed over the years. Strategy includes a number of different aspects that it is associated with. Firstly, a strategy is normally long planned. This is in a hierarchical system of goals and objectives. A strategy is a combined effort to create a blend between the external environment, internal resources and the capabilities of the resources within the business (Bernus, et.al, 2003). â€Å"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations.† (Johnson, Scholes & Whittington, 2006, p. 9) According to Johnson et.al, (2006), there are six major elements that strategic decisions are made out off. It is essential to understand that strategic decisions are normally long term directions of organisations, which include the scope of the organisation. Also this includes to a great extent gaining advantage over the competitors and addresses the changes that happen within the business environment. Strategies that are developed, try to develop the resources and try to improve the capabilities of the people within the organisation. These strategies are also expected to be based on the values and expectations of the stakeholder. There are a few different schools of the thoughts for the views of strategy. Each of the views of thought has been over the years from 1960s until now. The 1960s and the early 1970s, saw the school of thought where the strategies were expected to be systematic and with analytical approach. Following which the change in the need for strategy, this period aimed at having strategies which are more

Self-Evaluation of Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-Evaluation of Life - Essay Example The society that I come from places a lot of importance on religion, honour and obedience to the teachings of religion. I live in a society that is characterized by diversity in all aspects of life from religion to cultural and traditional practices. This created a conflict of interest on my part because I wanted to maintain the integrity of my beliefs, and at the same time adapt and thrive in this dynamic new world (Casino, 58). There were significant forces that had an influence on my life, and in retrospect, there were some that were positive while others were negative. It is during this initial transitional period that I was faced with the possibility of losing direction in life when I met a fellow fellow citizen. He had experienced the same predicament I was presently facing, and when he identified with my situation, he endeavoured to help me cope with the situation. He introduced me to other people who had gone through the same experience of identity conflict. Through sharing a bout our experiences in the past and present with each other, I was able to feel better about myself and better equipped to deal with cultural shock. I am eternally thankful to this person for helping me preserve my sense of identity and beliefs of my heritage. There are things in one’s life that hold meaning, in the sense that they represent, to them core elements that are part of self and their identity. I come from a society that has excellent pride in the breed of horses that are bred and reared, by the people.

The Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay

The Current Environmental Laws In The Philippines Environmental Sciences Essay Based on my research about the current Philippine Environmental Laws, I found out that it has two parts; first is the Presidential Decree no. 1586 or the Environmental Impact System which states that no projects shall be implemented without an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC).In order for the government to find out if they are to issue an Environmental Compliance Certificate, an assessment should be done regarding the proposed projects impact on the environment. An Environmental Impact Assessment is defined as a procedure in order to find out and predict the impact of proposed projects to the countrys environment and to mens well being and health. This assessment is important in order for us to find out the resource allocation for the said project and determine the costs associated with environmental conservation. Once the Environmental Impact System has been approved an Environmental Compliance Certificate may now be given to the person in charge of the project and he may now proceed with the implementation of his project. The certificate is very important to have because it contains the terms and conditions that the person imposing the project should comply with. Failure to follow the conditions in the certificate may result to its suspension or cancellation, the person behind the project may be subjected to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand pesos (50,000Php). If the project is cleared and is now being implemented or started with, monitoring is usually done to make sure that they are complying with the conditions in the certificate and to observe the projects environmental impact. The second part of the Philippine Environmental Law is the Presidential Decree no. 984 or The Pollution Control Law, this is also known as the Pollution Control Decree of 1978 is a national policy that is aimed to prevent, avoid, and control pollution of water, air, and land for the more effective utilization of the resources in the country. This law also contains the re quirements or necessary standards needed to be followed in order to acquire a permit to build or impose a certain project that does not in any way affect the environment negatively. It also contains the provisions if ever there are penalties. Presidential Decree 984 focuses on; first, the Clean Air Act of 1999 which is a policy and program to maintain the air quality in the country. This is to bring all the citizens to cooperate and exert an effort to clean the air we breathe, and whoever will violate this act will be subjected to pay. The act primarily focuses on prevention rather than control, mainly because if we can prevent something bad from happening then it will be less burdensome in the near future. Preventing further damage to the stratospheric ozone layer is an example of this. This act sets standards for sources of mobile air pollution, those coming from vehicles like cars, trucks, vans, buses, jeepneys, tricycle, and motorcycles. Smoke stacks from industrial firms like h otels, power plants, and other establishments are also closely monitored. Aside from those mentioned, smoking, burning of garbage, and dust from construction are included. Second is the Clean Water Act of 2004, records say that as early as 1996 several tests were conducted and results showed that only 51% of rivers in our country are still usable, and the remaining 49% were already polluted due to domestic and industrial activities. That might not sound that much big of a deal until you realize that 31% of all sicknesses come from drinking or contact with dirty/polluted waters, diseases like cholera, amoebiasis, leptospirosis etc. Republic Act No. 9275 or the Clean Water Act of 2004 aims to protect the clean and remaining bodies of water we have left from pollution caused by discharges from human activities, factories in the industry, and other land based sources. It also states that all owners of companies or anyone who discharges wastewater are required to get a permit from the De partment of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) or the Laguna Lake Development Authority, all companies or industries that discharge wastewater and are in operation even with the said permit will have to pay a wastewater charge in order to discourage the companies from discharging wastewater and opt to invest in cleaner production and pollution control technologies, this will help decrease the number of pollutants generated and discharged. Third is the Solid Waste Management or Republic Act No. 9003, this act talks about a legal structure on how our country can have a systematic and ecological solid waste management system that will help in maintaining and protecting the environment and the peoples health. This act also provides programs for minimizing waste, and knowing how to properly dispose of our garbage, it advices the people to adopt the three Rs of Solid Waste Management; Reduce, Reuse, Recycle. Segregation is also mandatory in the following areas; households, instituti ons, industrial facilities, commercial/business establishment, and agricultural areas. They also prohibit open burning of solid wastes to avoid further damage to the atmosphere and pollution to the air. Last is the Act to Control Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes or Republic Act No. 6969, they have several policies listed, one is to regulate, limit, and prohibit importation, manufacturing, processing, sale, distribution, use, and dispose of chemical substances this is done so that we can avoid unreasonable risk to the peoples health and of course to the environment, next is to prohibit entry and most especially disposal of hazardous wastes to the Philippines territorial limits and lastly, to conduct research on toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes. How are Hotel and Tourism Management students affected by the Environmental Laws? After reading a lot of things about the environmental laws in the Philippines I am now more aware of my surroundings and the things that need to be done in order to have a safe and clean place to live in. Having knowledge about the law is always a good thing because we become more careful in our actions. Some people are just not that knowledgeable about certain environmental issues thats why they tend to care less. Hotel and Tourism students are affected by these laws because we will be working in an industry that is very wide and vast, everywhere we go there is always accommodation and food, which means that we can start by applying what weve learned regarding the environment to our workplace, not to mention that hotels and tourists are a huge part of our countrys economy, we can make a huge impact because our industry is well known and is all over the world, it will be our job as aware students or future employees to help in applying or implementing ways on how we can help keep the environment clean and at the same time provide quality service to all our guests. Our course also deals with serving and having contact to people that avail our products and services, we can help these people contribute to the health of our surroundings by setting an example for them and providing service that not only is exceptional but also environment friendly. If we are lucky enough to become managers or even owners of our own hotels or travel agencies someday, then we can set goals and policies in our own establishments that comply with the environmental laws, without compromising our main goal which is to serve our guests well. How can hotel and tourism businesses help improve the current environmental situation? We are currently facing a lot of environmental issues in our country, from soil erosions, flashfloods, disappearing water sources, and air pollution to improper garbage disposal, illegal logging, and food poisoning caused by chemical wastes. These are just some of the many problems our country is facing today, as students and future employees to the industry of Hospitality and Tourism we can help in facing the current environmental issues by implementing certain protocols and policies in our work place. Installing water meters in every department (if possible) for example, is a good way to monitor the establishments water consumption, by doing so we can determine the monthly water consumption and cost of our workplace, if we are aware of this well know what department consumes too much water and necessary action will be taken immediately. Water saving devices like flow regulators, water flow sensors, and low flush toilets are just some of the things we can put in our comfort rooms an d kitchens to make sure that wasting water is at a minimal, and if observed thoroughly, no wastage at all. Leaks because of poor plumbing is also a cause of water wastage in a lot of homes and buildings, we must regularly maintain plumbing fixtures to make sure that no leaks will come up. Monthly inspection for drips and leaks in the establishment should be done be it at hotels, resorts, or restaurants. With regards to the kitchen/ Food and Beverage Department, using of dishwashers should only be done during the check out of the guests and washing of small kitchenware should be done by hand with the use of antibacterial soap, to help conserve water. Electricity is one thing that our industry consumes a lot, we use this to power up big hotels and casinos, help elegant restaurants operate, and keep the sense of having recreational places like theme parks, however, despite the benefits we get from using electricity, only a few of us realize its importance. Electricity is acquired by co nverting energy released from burning fossil fuels, as consumers continue to use huge amounts of electricity every day; its very likely that all the fossil fuels around the world will soon run out. Conserving energy in our homes and business establishments can help preserve fossil fuels, for example, installing electricity meters in every department to monitor monthly energy consumption to avoid increasing electric bills will have a huge impact given the fact that a lot of hotels, resorts, and restaurants use a lot of electricity. Using energy efficient appliances and light bulbs in high consumption areas, and turning them off when not in use can also be done to avoid high energy consumption. For resorts and hotel room, they can use solar panels to heat water for the guests, by doing so this can save up to 40% of energy cost. Hotels, Resorts and Restaurants produce large amounts of solid and liquid wastes these wastes end up scattering in the environment due to poor or inadequate wa ste management and handling, therefore it is a must to implement strategies and programs to minimize wastes and to apply the three Rs; reduce, reuse, and recycle. Segregating wastes is a very basic step in waste management; this is helpful to the environment because if we are able to determine the biodegradable ones from the non biodegradable then we can determine the best way to safely dispose of the waste. If we are purchasing products that we need to operate our establishment, the first thing we should keep in mind is to choose products that are least polluting and most sustainable, by doing so we can avoid the risk of contributing to the pollution in our country, and because its sustainable we can benefit from it for a longer period of time without having to dispose the product after several uses, thus helping minimize wastage in our establishment. In restaurants or other food establishments, instead of using disposable containers like Styrofoam which not only takes a long time to decompose but can also have negative effects to our health, they can use reusable lid containers that are very environment friendly and can be reused. Hotels purchase huge amounts of detergents, bleach, and other chemicals used in the laundry and lavatory area, if possible they should collect the empty chemical containers and send them back to the manufacturer so that it can be used again instead of piling up bottles of detergents etc. and just throwing them anywhere, or worse some people even burn them, aside from this they can just refill the bottles instead of buying new ones. They can also help save the trees by controlling the usage of paper in their offices and homes, for example, if possible they can simply use email to send documents from one establishment to another, instead of printing them out. For used or scrap paper, reusing the back side can also help in reducing the use of clean, unused paper. We should also avoid the use of aerosol sprays like some air fresheners that damage our ozone layer, choosing sprays that do not use propellant gas is our best bet. Another very important thing that hotel, resort, and restaurant builders can do is to stop putting up their establishments in places with natural wildlife and in places where cutting down hundreds of trees is necessary just so they can earn profit. Sources: http://www.livestrong.com/article/160037-what-are-the-benefits-of-saving-electricity/ http://www.4hoteliers.com/4hots_fshw.php?mwi=1830 http://www.numbeo.com/pollution/country_result.jsp?country=Philippines http://www.chanrobles.com/pd1152.htm#.UF3MOrLiZKE http://www.chanrobles.com/pd1151.htm#.UF3MOrLiZKE http://www.chanrobles.com/legal9.htm#.UF27tbLiZKG http://www.energyeducation.tx.gov/energy/section_3/topics/where_does_electricity_come_from/index.html http://www.fm-kp.si/zalozba/ISSN/1854-4231/2_005-023.pdf http://www.ehow.com/info_8543321_classification-biodegradable-nonbiodegradable.html http://agreenliving.net/green-tourism-and-how-it-helps-the-environment/ http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_can_we_help_stop_hotels_and_holiday_resorts_damaging_the_environment http://www.capitalhotelswdc.com/environment_friendly_green_program_policy_capital_hotels_washington_dc.htm http://www.ehow.com/info_8543321_classification-biodegradable-nonbiodegradable.html http://emb.gov.ph/rNCR/pollutioncontroldecree.html http://www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/phil_chp11.pdf https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:vpe3U1HiT9oJ:www.jccipi.com.ph/05cwa.ppt+hl=enpid=blsrcid=ADGEESjUr5suLfdvFLoJqsvSHg9dlKf9QfuhkpAbK0Mc3ZjVufCwlS61nbyUeIgSmORqYG354wwhqeOWi2roO4ZVENhVPx2sKF__jrvNdB5c715mels7P-bXQbtrSqCzWu-9RVlDUOuSsig=AHIEtbQxlVVVDrEy2EXEKEpa7HuBiudw-g http://www.emb.gov.ph/embgovph/Portals/8/DENR%20Administrative%20Order%20No.81%20Series%202000.pdf http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/47810.pdf http://www.aseanlawassociation.org/papers/phil_chp11.pdf http://emb.gov.ph/eeid/cwa-english.htm http://www.pwp.org.ph/documents/wastewater/PPT_DENR_EMB_2.pdf http://www.oocities.org/injunred/cleanair.html http://emb.gov.ph/eeid/ESWM.htm

The Invasion Of Panama :: essays research papers fc

The Invasion of Panama The U.S. invasion of Panama on December 20, 1989 was a mark of excellence on the behalf of the U.S. armed forces ability to effectively use the principles of war. The years leading up to the invasion set the climate for conflict; drug trafficking became a major problem between Panama and the U.S. in the 1980's, as well as Manuel Noriega's interference with the Panama canal employees rights under the Panama Canal Treaty; the final action that sparked the invasion was Noriega's attempt to fix the national election and the military enforcement of the fix after the election. Once this took place the U.S. began to make a plan for the invasion. The overwhelming success of this mission stemmed from the U.S. military's competent use of the principals of war. The primary success of a mission is the ability to define an overall attainable objective for the mission. In the formulation of the mission to invade Panama, the U.S. military set out four main objectives of the mission. First, they wanted to "protect American lives" (Watson 69). This meant they wanted to protect the lives of the 35,000 U.S. citizens in Panama from attacks by Noriega's Panama Defense Force or PDF; they also wanted to protect the lives of Americans at home by attempting to eliminate drug trafficking. Second, they wanted to "protect American interests and rights under the Panama Canal Treaty" (Watson 69). This could be done by abolishing Noriega's control of the workers who operate the canal, and his control of the canal itself. Third, they wanted to "restore a democratic and freely elected government to Panama" (Watson 107). Here, the U.S. would gain control over the country and ensure a fair election. And, finally, they wanted to "apprehend Noriega" (Watson 69) for prosecution in the U.S.. This would ease the difficulty of restoring democracy and eliminating drug trafficking, as well as giving Americans a feeling that justice was being served. These objectives gave the mission clear goals to achieve, allowing for the planing of each task that needed to be completed in order to accomplish the mission. Once objective has been established, the next step was to derive a simple plan, following the principle of simplicity, which is the formation of "Direct, simple plans and clear, concise orders to minimize misunderstanding and confusion" (Stofft 7). That is just what the U.S. did. They used direct and simple plans to carry out their mission; that is not to say the invasion was a simple operation, on the contrary, the command and control measures were very difficult. Thus, the plan was as simple as it could be with concern to the

Globus Report Essay

The objective of this Globus game is to run a company in the real environment which is we will compete with other companies. On this simulation I am becoming co-manager of a camera industry. All of the company have two products in the market which is Entry level camera and multi featured camera. And the market area is divided into 4 region which is : 1.North America  2. Europe-Africa 3. Asia Pacific 4. Latin America. One group have 3 members , and in my business simulation we got 8 different companies. Each company has to run the camera business every week , one week in real life is represent 1 year in the simulation for a consecutive 10 weeks. The ultimate goal for all the companies is to dominate the market of the cameras industry, the best camera company in the industry is to get the target that give by the investor expectations, gaining the most market share and image rating and maintaining a good credit rating. My Achievements By doing the virtual business game with my group member , I had to be able to analyse the business every year , what the strategies I have to do , and how to get high dividend and investor expectation. By doing this process I can fully understand what happening with this industries and how to improve this business.. These kind of things allow me to understand concept in the industry and develop a strategy to win the competition within the industry. By experiencing this virtual business game I have learn about business management , starting from production cost , marketing , advertising , marketing , target market ,shipping labour forces ,financial decision , and business plan .all of this elements will impact the business performance. On this game I also learn from the compotetion btween the company in this industries.Every single company have a different strategies to dominate the industry. All the strategies is depend on the current situation and target market.and the competition i s on all the time because the compotitors I always find the new strategies to defeat our company.so we need to come up with new strategies. My New Transferable Skills: Reflection 1 Context : On the first week of the Globus game we were trying to change the decision entry as what we did in the Globus practice using on our knoledege about business menegement Activating Experience : With lack of knowledge that we got on the first year result is under the investor expectation ,eventhough we tried so hard to do this decision entries. Belief : We failed to believe that with our lack of knowledge our first year results is unsatisfy ,.it is make our companies is behind other companies. Consequence : Other companies performing well on the first year so our company is one step behind .Our results for EPS ,ROE and image rating is so much behind others companies.So it is hard for us to chase the other companies that performing beyond our companies as well as none of our group member really understand about business. Dispute : I have learn that when you make your company you need to understand everything about it from the market , business pla and etc. Because first year is the most crucial for your business to see the prospect of your business . so you need to learn before you do it. Reflection 2 Context: Our group have develop different strategies every year Activating Experience: We are trying to do the strategies to get more profit on that year and didn’t planning for the coming tyears Belief: We failed to belief that our strategies is failed because we didn’t see the situation of the market and we didn’t planning well for the coming years like warranty I s the most issues of our comapny Consequence : Our result is dropped every because we have no analyse market and our bad planning for the future , so until the very end of the year we still have outstanding loans Dispute : I learned that it is really important to research about he target market and the planning of future business. Reflection 3 : Context: We always change our p/q rating every year Activating Experience : we always change our p/q rating to be the same as the leading companies ,hoping that we can compete with them Belief: We failed to believe we didn’t choose our p/q rating since the first year , by changing the p/q rating every year it boost our market share and kick us out of the competition.because we don’t choose the target market of our companies , which is always changed every year Consequence : Our companies rank is dropping until it aalmost the last position , and we have no target market Dispute :I have learn that I cant use other company strategies , but I have to find the new strategies that can beat them in theyre market.And I would make sure to develop my own strategies to take against other companies. My personal growth and lifelong learning Reflection 1 Context : For some of the week our globus group couldnot focus on globus game Activating Experience : The Globus team unsatisfy with the result that not stable , and we didn’t do well on some of the year Belief : I failed to believe that because 1 didn’t stay focus to do the globus simulation game. Consequences : Our company have a bad start and the result in the middle year is falling down.we keep losing point every year until it reah the peak and our company made a loss.The biggest mistake was that we did not understand the game completely and this made us suffer for the beginning of the years. Dispute : I would like to completely understand on how to run the company and be able to do full analysis and research in the industry. And the most important thing to run the business is to keep focus to run the business to make a succesfull business Reflection 2 Context : In all of the group meeting, we as the co-managers, had agreed on the decision to take and do the Glo-bus together. Activating Experience : During the very last minutes of before year 11 or 12 decision was due, one of the co-managers changed the decision and we were not informed about that. Belief : I failed to believe that we all had agreed on all the decisions we had come in group meeting and nobody would change any decision without any consent from other co-managers. Consequences : Our company was in the second last position due to the loss that we got. The co-manager decided to significantly lower the price to gain more market share, but in the end the decision was against us. Dispute : I would never let my team member to do that anymore. Since then, I learned that I had to check all the decision entries just before it was due to make sure everything was okay and according to what we agreed in the group meeting. I learned that this kind of action could be fatal and as a result, it would be hard to manage the profits year after. Reflection 3 Context : After couple of weeks of hard time, we had to sit down together, share ideas and run the Globus game together to make sure we really understand Globus. Activating Experience : We had to analyse the competition in our industry and think many possible strategies to counter our competitors. Belief : I believed that as co-managers, we had to completely understand Globus and make sure that everyone in the team really understood what was happening since this was the best way to run the company. Consequences : We managed to bounce back at the end. Our position kept increasing every year up to 5th position which was not that good for the progress of the company. In the end, with everyone sharing their opinions and ideas, we managed to go as one team to help the company that was already in a bad position due to bad performances from previous years. Dispute : I learned that by getting together as a group and shared knowledge and analysed the industry together, we could manage to be t he best actually. Reflection 4 Context : After our company had bounced back, we had to keep doing our strategy so that our company could get better. Activating Experience : We had to do analysis every week carefully to see what the best opportunity and strategy to take. Belief : We believed that by doing analysis every week, we could maintain our position. Consequences : Our company was getting better every year onwards since year 12 and 13. This was because we had understood on how to play the game. We did analysis and research every week to find out what strategy we could implement. Dispute : I learned that by completely understand the game, the game was actually interesting. Now I know how business works in real life. Everything was related with another and each decision was really important.