First semmester in the university Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

First semmester in the college - Essay Example Previously, I had deficient notes and frequently went out with my companions before examining. Presently, I generally record highlights during class conversations, join study gatherings, and do propel perusing at whatever point I can. Likewise, I additionally depend on my learning style to hold what I am examining. I have discovered that I am a visual-sound-related individual. I gained from the site Ldpride.net that as a visual-sound-related student, I learn best by perusing and tuning in. Along these lines, at whatever point I concentrate for a test, I request that somebody pair up with me and read the notes to me. Along these lines, I can tune in to the terms and definitions I have to retain. Moreover, I additionally utilize my cell phone recorder to record my voice while looking into for tests. I discovered this exceptionally compelling particularly for retention tests. The second thing that improves this semester is the way that I have made some decent companions. My companions fill in as my sparks and study gathering. At whatever point I feel like not taking care of classes because of colds, my companions are there to urge me to join in. They are sure impacts in my examinations, and consequently, I do a similar sort of inspiration and motivation to them. We likewise direct out-of-class sharing and conversations to examine issues and ideas talked about in class. Up until this point, everything is working out in a good way and we are getting a charge out of each others’ organization. The third thing that keeps me on target is the way that I have warmed up to different understudies universally. I as of late discovered a few companions through person to person communication destinations, hence at whatever point I have time, I speak with them on the web and we trade thoughts on different subjects about existence. Alongside the great beginning are a few things I have to enhance in the following semester. These incorporate getting subjects I need and having the opportunity to pick my timetable. I was somewhat late during the enlistment, henceforth I had constrained options identifying with class plan. I guarantee to select prior next an ideal opportunity to get the subjects I need. In addition, I trust I have to consider

Dch Logistics

DCH Logistics Planning for La Cafetiere What are the upsides of having a fortified Warehouse and how might it help in doing worldwide business? A Bonded Warehousing can be characterized as capacity, control, or further assembling of dutiable merchandise in a structure or other made sure about zone without the installment of obligation on it. Favorable position: Goods can remain in a reinforced stockroom for a boundless timeframe, and no import obligations and VAT should be paid until the second they are really brought into free dissemination in the EU, e. g. o be shipped to a client. †You get the conceivable suspension of certain exchange strategy measure (permit, ID, †¦ ) †You get a huge money advantage, in light of the fact that the expenses and charges are payable just when products are discharged for utilization, †Your seriousness is expanded on account of re-fare to third nations, since taxes have not influenced the cost.Customs obligations and VAT at import are just paid in the nation of goal, and twofold installment is dodged - Goods kept in reinforced distribution center are utilized as insurance security for bank advance. Merchandise kept in reinforced distribution center are protected and are liberated from the dread of being taken or harmed. Each one of those points of interest are helpful to do universal business What are the normal coordinations issues looked by worldwide organizations? Normal calculated issues that global organizations frequently need to adapt to : * Late conveyance * Bad or poor framework in certain nations: to get the products, street, hardboard†¦ * Environmental/policy centered issues in the host nation, Regional exchange understandings * Legal : exchange guideline & standars Trade insurance components, Tariffs , Quotas, Voluntary fare limitation, Local substance necessities, Health/natural guidelines, Government acquisition strategies * Customs systems and guidelines just as cross-outskirt focu ses foundation and tasks * Quality administration is regularly done in the beginning nation which lead to high vehicle cost * Cultural contrast * Lack of business arrange when creating on another market * Currency dangers What advantages can La Cafetiere get from DCH Logistics?DCH realize how to manage Chinese market, have involvement in worldwide exchange; part of present day stockrooms and frameworks, dispersion focus and fortified distribution centers.. Offering likewise bundling administrations In Xinhui LC along with a variety of follow up courses of action, including quality control, warehousing, stock, shipment transportation and deals reactions. Kuk was attempting to think of an appealing answer for La Cafetipre’s late conveyance issues. What's more he needed to clarify the advantages of an answer including DCH Logistics.La Cafetiere can get profits by DCH Logistics since one the one hand the Chinese market is becoming rapidly and then again, this market relate flawle ssly to the procedure of La Cafetiere who needs to propose new items, adjusted to this new market. In addition, these days, China is a cross exchange place where all nations come so as to work together. It’s today an essential issue for the assembling and the exchanging on account of the work and the budgetary intensity of this country.Basically, what a 3PL can bring to an organization is the chance to concentrate on their center competency, in oder to accomplish better quality, time the board, and diminish the Total expense of responsibility for item. Here DCH coordinations offer to la cafetiere to deal with the usage of offices on the Asian market so as to diminish their conveyance time, particularly with regards to turn around coordinations since quality administration is worked in UK. At that point DCH additionally offer La cafetiere a capacity arrangement with the fortified warehousing cap will permit la cafetiere to sets aside on stock/stockpiling cost/offices usage. Ge nerally we can say that DCH is bringing La cafetiere chances to build up their market in Asia, permitting them to keep on creating top of the line products, and to create in another region, without encountering the â€Å"starting up† issue that are connection to new execution, for example, : * Warehouse usage * Reverse coordinations issue * Tax on make merchandise * Business organize Reputation in the new nation What ought to DCH Logistics do to build up its business further? DCH is a 3PL, which implies that the system they work in a specific zone is their fundamental resources, beside their experience and notoriety, that is their â€Å"Trust insurance† for organization that need to actualize in the territory â€Å"mastered† by the 3PL. Here DCH is truly very much coordinated in the Asian business organize, and have built up their framework in key area.They offer reinforced warehousing for their customer, business system and offices: * Distribution focus * Packa ging administrations * Stock administration and offices. These are the 3 primary alternative DCH are offering, on the off chance that they need to build up their business, there is a great deal of administrations they can raise to their future customer. A. Increment their scope of arrangement. 1. Coordinations of Transport : Invest and build up a product that can esign best course for transport in the region they are working, which will be sold as a â€Å"Solution for transport† to the organizations they are working with. In a similar thought, they can choose to put resources into Transport resources, for example, truck, or cross docking stage, which will permit them to offered the absolute vehicle coordinations to an organization that is eager to build up its business in the specific zone, or only a piece of the vehicle, since they will have divided the chain of transport into various degree of arrangement. 2.Reverse coordinations: Build a foundation that adapt to universal standard of value, that offer the converse coordinations arrangement, for example, : * Fluctuating item (come back from customers, reparation) * Eco-Treatment of unusable item (reusing) * Partnership with other maker to exchange some portion of the item that are re-usable. * Platform of value the board devoted to the accomplice for introducing their quality administration so as to lessen transport cost and conveyance time. B. Execute their business in an alternate territory. . For example, Europe, since they can work with la cafetiere they will be permitted to assemble data about the manner in which European are working and can raise a contextual investigation of â€Å"Is working with European is justified, despite all the trouble ? † 2. Joined State, since it’s the center business region of the world, and furthermore on the grounds that enterprise is amazingly evolved in this specific zone, firing up organization regularly need to redistribute a piece of their coordin ations, since they have to concentrate on their center competency so as to pick up piece of the pie.

How to Write an Essay Proposal

How to Write an Essay Proposal The Best Tips on Writing a Proposal Essay Home›Education Posts›The Best Tips on Writing a Proposal Essay Education PostsHow to Write an Essay ProposalAre you a committed writer? Even if you hate writing, you will always need to know how to do it effectively and enjoy the process. How can actually a proposal essay be defined? Briefly, it is considered to be an essay that proposes an original idea. After that, it defends this idea by using thorough research as well as personal opinion so that whoever is trying to read it is persuaded with regard to the pros and cons of that idea.It is important to mention that those who want to learn how to write a proposal essay should take into consideration the fact that proposals mainly refer to the following fields: education, business, and economics. However, this doesn’t mean that they are found only in these areas exclusively. Many other fields can also take advantage of proposal essay writing.How to Begin a Successful Proposal EssayBefo re you know exactly how to write a proposal essay, you ought to pay huge attention to the preparation to this writing. Thus, pretty much work you should do ahead of time. While reading the following paragraphs, you will realize that the ability to persuade others concerning your personal point of view is as much valuable as the research, which you need to do in advance.Knowing what type of audience is going to read your work is definitely of great importance. As a matter of fact, the audience determines the tone of the paper and the type of sources that you will use for backing up the necessary arguments.The research is a significant part of the writing process. Good research done ahead of time means that you will be able to fulfill the purpose of your essay in a more successful way. As a result, other people who will read your piece of writing will get persuaded to take your point of view.You can begin with putting down a relevant list of ideas and use them in an outline. Even if t here is no requirement to make an outline, it will help you keep your thoughts organized and write in a coherent way.What is an introduction? It is believed to be a paragraph in which you ought to introduce the chosen topic to the audience. The introduction is one of the essential parts of the essay due to the fact that it reveals what is about to come and makes an attempt to convince people to read on.Recommendations on Writing the Main Part of a Proposal EssayThe ProposalThe proposal is supposed to act as the chance to state a certain purpose. This is about explaining the purpose that lies behind creating the essay. It can consist of only several lines or be an entire paragraph. The length of the proposal depends on whether the essay itself is long or not, yet it ought to contain the problem, opinion, and topic that is going to be discussed.The First Body Paragraph â€" Argument OneThis paragraph is believed to be the paragraph where you are supposed to lay out your first important argument. Thus, you chosen argument might be for or against your proposal. Make sure that your writing looks clear and keeps to the topic. What is more, it is of great importance to reference everything properly and to support every argument in a thorough way, using well-checked facts.The Second Body Paragraph â€" Argument TwoHere you ought to come up with an entirely new argument.The Third Body Paragraph â€" Opposing Argument ThreeA lot of people try to use it as a perfect chance of discussing an opposing opinion. It depends upon the writer whether he/she wants to use this paragraph for such purposes or not. If a writer makes up his/her mind to devote time to debunking opposing opinions or common arguments, the audience will realize that he/she has done profound research and the essay will sound really persuasive.Tips on Concluding a Proposal EssayThe conclusion is not just a re-statement of the introductory paragraph. However, it is significant to reiterate the main arguments mad e in your proposal. Apart from that, don’t forget to point out various necessary pieces of information that might be quite essential at this stage.Those people who are required to hand in a professional proposal essay should resort to the following steps. They are stating the goal that their proposal follows for ensuring that the target audience understands the main point and after that concentrating on why the proposal will work. What is more, you ought to keep in mind that any reference to the previous research in this direction needs to be mentioned. It goes without saying that stating any potential assets that might refer to the proposal should also not be omitted. However, it is necessary to make sure that they suit particularly your audience.18 Proposal Essay Topics Easy and Fun to WriteYou come into class and the professor asserts that the thing you’ll be doing today is quite interesting and new. Your heart beats really fast, and you feel anxious and then the professor’ s question follows, “Why don’t we write a proposal essay?”At first you think it is too much for you today, but don’t give up! This time your essay is going to be extremely easy and fun to write. Everything you need for it is just the right topic. It presupposes passion, careful planning, and thorough research. We are going to show you how to pick out a topic and to supply you with some good examples of proposal essay topics that will help you to get the idea better and create your own proposal essay topics.Here, you can find a few relevant pieces of advice regarding proposal essay.Before you start searching for your perfect proposal essay topic (and definitely before you make an attempt to write it), it’s vital to get to know what a proposal essay really is. Therefore, a proposal essay serves to identify an issue and suggest solutions to resolving it. It is similar to an argumentative essay, though it has a bit different format and involves more research. Proposal essay is widely used in business and science courses. It is not a limited in time class assignment. On the contrary, proposal essays take more time for researching, formulating arguments, and finding supporting evidence.Thus, your ultimate objective is to persuade your readers that your proposals are indeed worth being considered.Factors to Consider Choosing Proposal Essay TopicsThere exist many different proposal essay topics, thus, essays themselves can differ greatly. Nevertheless, we found out some factors (“dos” as well as “don’ts!”) to take into consideration when trying to narrow down your potential proposal essay topics.First of all, find something that you are really interested inEssays of many types can be failed long before you start them. But when writing your proposal essay, you choose a really interesting for you topic, you will enjoy every minute of working on it.It’s always pleasant to be passionate about your subject matter. Readers will feel it and will share y our passion. What is interesting for you, will definitely be interesting for your audience.DON’T: Try to avoid such topics as ‘ways to untangle your hair’ or ‘some effective ways to clean your house’. They are too simple and boring.DO: Always write about things important for you or your closest people. If some of your siblings still go to school, choose education as a topic. For instance, ways of getting good psychological education in secondary school.Select proposal essay topics with relevant supportAs stated above, you’ll be doing quite a lot of research in order to present a good essay. So it will be very helpful, if a selected topic has already pretty much of relevant literature.When you choose a topic for your proposal essay, it is important that it has both supporting and contradicting elements. It will help you to decide the side of an argument you may want to handle.DON’T: Choose merely opinion topics without any facts to back them up. For example, making most out of your Sunday afternoons isn’t the best topic.DO: Select a big, with some juicy facts topic which you can dive yourself into. For example, more funding in educational programs like the Magic School Bus, Sesame Street, or Bill Nye the Science Guy.Additional Tip: When researching, try to take notes of the bibliographic information and page numbers on which you find the information. It will help you to ease citation formatting.Choose an argumentAs we have already defined, a proposal essay is a kind of argumentative essay. Evidently, you have to make sure your essay has a well-supported argument. When you choose a too one-sided topic, it can easily make you bored and will never serve your purpose well.Writing an essay, you always strive to address some opposing ideas. Only doing so you’ll be able to create a comprehensive proposal. This informs your reader that you have touched all possible aspects of a chosen topic.The way how you can define whether your argument is one-sided or not is that you actually will not be able to write a proposal essay using it. The whole paper will surely become either a process essay, or an argumentative essay (not the best one).DON’T: Pick a topic like making a wonderful grilled cheese sandwiches. Everyone definitely makes them in a bit different way, but your essay will surely turn into a process, not a proposal essay. Additionally, grilled cheese methods don’t really count as issues which need some good solutions.DO: Choose something like how farmers and corporations work on improving living conditions for dairy cows. This indeed is a problem which needs some good solutions.Consider your audienceKeep in mind that a proposal essay serves a purpose even outside of school. Thus, if you are writing it as a home assignment with only your teacher as your audience, just pretend that there are much more realistic readers who will decide whether your proposals are worth time and resources investment.If you understand your pote ntial audience, it will make your writing much easier. Moreover, it will also help you to decide the right topic out of various proposal essay topics.DON’T: Select a topic with an audience you don’t feel comfortable with. For instance, if a group of academics is your potential audience, but you are not good at academic writing, you should better pick something other.DO: Choose a topic with an audience you might easily relate to. For example, if you like writing about some social problems, and your potential audience is a group of volunteers, a proposal essay topic of your choice may be about the society.Here are some good examples of proposal essay topics:EducationWays for creating a well-rounded curriculum for students in middle and high school.Ways teachers may improve gender education courses.Foreign language courses improvements.How to grade students effectively?GovernmentWays the government can best handle illegal immigration.How can the national debt be lowered?How can the electoral system become more effective?ParentingMost effective ways to discipline children.Ways parents can encourage their children in extracurricular activities.How can parents teach their children about money most effectively?ScienceHow can the funds for cancer research be increased?What should be done to encourage children to choose education in science?SocietyHow can childhood obesity be reduced?Ways to decrease homelessness in the USA.How can tolerance be promoted within the US society?TechnologyWays people can reduce technology reliance.What parents and teachers can do to eliminate cyberbullying effectively?Ways for teaching children about reasonable Internet use.We hope that some of the listed above proposal essay topics will catch your eye. If you find them useless, feel free to compose your own topics based on something you are indeed interested in solving.All the best with your proposal essays!

The Effects Of Emotional Appeals On The Mind Of Reasoning

Although it is difficult to find it written down anywhere, there is prevailing belief that decisions should be made based on reason rather than emotions. The unfortunate and Unwarranted implication is that emotions have no place in reasoning. There is some basis for the belief that emotions get in the way of reasoning. For example, in an advertisement, emotional appeals are often used to cloud the reasoning of consumers. Yet, few people would claim that reasoning has no place in emotion. At the extremes, reasoning can interfere with appropriate responses, and emotions can interfere with clear-headed reasoning. However, in the middle where most of life occurs reasoning and emotions inform each other. Reasoning helps us to refine our emotions and emotions help us to evaluate our reasoning and our emotions are means to understand the world around us, but neither one by itself is incomplete. Jane Austen (16th December 1775-18th July 1817) was an English novelist whose works for romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widely read authors in English literature. Her realism, biting irony and social commentary also ga ined her historical importance among scholars and critics. She was educated primarily by her father and older brothers and also by her own readings that she did. Since her teenage years to her late thirties, she experimented with various literary forms. This book â€Å"Sense andShow MoreRelatedEssay on This Is Water a speech by David Foster Wallace955 Words   |  4 Pagesspeech, This Is Water, he uses logical and emotional appeals to discuss the importance of critical thinking. Wallace uses the term â€Å"conscious† to signal critical thinkers, while those who do not think critically are referred to as â€Å"unconscious.† Wallace’s main argument is that a person has the choice to think critically and should do so every day. Wallace’s analysis of consciousness and unconsciousness focusses too heavily on the logical and emotional appeals and ignores the possible ethical argumentsRead MoreEssay on Ap Language review1005 Words   |  5 PagesIt has three appeals, ethos, logos, and pathos. 2. What is ethos? Ethos is an appeal based on the character of the speaker or writer. 3. What is logos? Logos consists of the content of the argument. It also appeals to the intellect. 4. What is pathos? Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience. 5. How does ethos, logos, and pathos work together to persuade an audience? All three come together to persuade and audience because they appeal to the heart and the mind. People don’tRead MoreStephen King Why We Crave Horror Movies Analysis799 Words   |  4 Pagesfind it interesting themselves. According to two authors these movies can have both positive and negative effects on those who frequently enjoy them. According to Stephen King’s essay, â€Å"Why We Crave Horror Movies† those who seek out scary movies are simply doing so to gain a release from the real world. In opposition, Bernie DeGroat author of the essay â€Å"Scary Movies Can Have Lasting Effects on Children and Teens† presents study findings that horror and violent films may be detrimental to the developmentRead MoreEffective Persuasive Techniques Used By John Donne s `` The Flea ``1480 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Argument Techniques Effective argumentative and persuasive techniques are a course of reasoning aimed at validating or falsifying the truth in an argument. With an in-depth analysis of literature, the perplex intentions of a writer that use such techniques can be revealed. Methods such as logical fallacies, rhetorical devices, and satirical devices are three approaches that construct a piece of work on a more compelling level. Behind these elements of writing, there are a multitude of purposesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Graham Hill Less Stuff, More Happiness1117 Words   |  5 Pagesthen had more of an emotional appeal towards the middle and end. Putting the most important sentences first gives the audience a better understanding about Hill’s topic and reasoning behind the evidence. Also, putting the least important ideas towards the middle and end left room for summarizing the important parts and letting more of the audience have a slightly better comprehension of the subject. Most of the f acts and statistics were clustered together, whereas the more emotional information was clusteredRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s World Ocean Day 1228 Words   |  5 Pagesgorgeous vibrant yellow. The phrase â€Å"It’s part of your world† appears from the glistening light off of the droplet. The 2013 Disney’s Water Advertisement ultimately is effective By utilizing emotional, logical, and credibility appeals. Instantly when looking at the advertisement the pathos, emotional appeal, is established through the beautiful colors and characters that appear on the billboard. The Disney characters Ariel, Sebastian, and Flounder represent happiness, joy, and youthfulness. The advertiserRead MoreAmerica, By Douglas Mcgray, And The Expansion Of Foreign Language Education1405 Words   |  6 PagesAuthor Douglas McGray, in his article â€Å"Lost in America,† fights for the expansion of foreign language education in schools by focusing on the present and potential future effects the issue will have on the state of America’s world relations and world business market. To efficiently communicate his message for expansion, McGray publishes his article in Foreign Policy Magazine—a publication known for its political demographic. He publishes his article there with the intent to persuade his intendedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Essay1401 Words   |  6 Pagesor contrasting, and analyz ing causes and effects. Rhetorical Situation The situation in which people attempt to communicate to achieve their desired ends. Rhetorical situation involve the context of rhetorical acts that consists of overall text, author’s goals or purposes, and audience. Author Audience The author of the article is Ross Thompson, a professor of Psychology at the University of California, Davis. The author focuses on early social, emotional, and personality development of childrenRead MoreEssay on â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid† and â€Å"Get Smarter†1370 Words   |  6 Pagesbenefactor or a curse? The common effect of â€Å"artificial intelligence† in the technology we use every day is examined by two brilliant authors, Nicholas Carr and Jamias Cascio. In Carr’s article, â€Å"Is Google Making Us Stupid†, he explains the effects of the Internet and technology in our society and claims that the overuse of technology is dangerous and can affect how our mind operates. Jamias Cascio, on the other hand, uses his article â€Å"Get Smarter† to show the positive effects of technology in our constantlyRead MoreThe Arms Of An Angel1500 Words   |  6 PagesIn the Arms of ASPCA When someone hears the song â€Å"In the Arms of an Angel† by Sarah MacLauchlan, the first thing that comes to mind is the ASPCA (American Society for the Prevention of Animal Cruelty) commercial. The commercial is produced by ASPCA, a non-profit organization, in attempt to receive monthly donations in order to save and prevent innocent animals from being abused and neglected. With the help of this commercial, the producers try to reach out to those generous enough to donate money

How to Use Delphi to Build a Custom Windows Explorer

Windows Explorer is what you use in the Windows operating system to browse for files and folders. You can create a similar structure with Delphi so that the same content is populated within your programs user interface. Common dialog boxes are used in Delphi to open and save a file in an application. If you want to use customized file managers and directory browsing dialogs, you have to deal with file system Delphi components. The Win 3.1 VCL palette group includes several components that allow you to build your own custom File Open or File Save dialog box: TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox. Navigating Files The file system components allow us to select a drive, see the hierarchical directory structure of a disk, and see the names of the files in a given directory. All of the file system components are designed to work together. For example, your code checks what the user has done to, say, a DriveComboBox and then passes this information on to a DirectoryListBox. The changes in DirectoryListBox are then passed to a FileListBox in which the user can select the file(s) needed. Designing the Dialog Form Start a new Delphi application and select the Win 3.1 tab of the Component palette. Then do the following: Place one TFileListBox, TDirectoryListBox, TDriveComboBox, and TFilterComboBox component on a form, keeping all of their default namesAdd one TEdit (named FileNameEdit) and one TLabel (call it DirLabel).Include a few labels with captions, like File Name, Directory, List Files of Type, and Drives. To show the currently selected path as a string in a DirLabel components caption, assign the Labels name to the DirectoryListBoxs DirLabel property. If you want to display the selected filename in an EditBox (FileNameEdit), you have to assign the Edit objects Name (FileNameEdit) to the FileListBoxs FileEdit property. More Lines of Code When you have all the file system components on the form, you just have to set the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property in order for the components to communicate and show what the user wants to see. For example, when the user selects a new drive, Delphi activates the DriveComboBox OnChange event handler. Make it look like this:   procedure TForm1.DriveComboBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginDirectoryListBox1.Drive : DriveComboBox1.Drive;end; This code changes the display in the DirectoryListBox by activating its OnChange event Handler:   procedure TForm1.DirectoryListBox1Change(Sender: TObject) ;beginFileListBox1.Directory : DirectoryListBox1.Directory;end; In order to see what file the user has selected, you need to use the OnDblClick event of the FileListBox:   procedure TForm1.FileListBox1DblClick(Sender: TObject) ;beginShowmessage(Selected: FileListBox1.FileName) ;end; Remember that the Windows convention is to have a double-click choose the file, not a single click. This is important when you work with a FileListBox because using an arrow key to move through a FileListBox would call any OnClick handler that you have written. Filtering the Display Use a FilterComboBox to control the type of files that are displayed in a FileListBox. After setting the FilterComboBoxs FileList property to the name of a FileListBox, set the Filter property to the file types that you want to display. Heres a sample filter:   FilterComboBox1.Filter : All files (*.*)|*.* | Project files (*.dpr)|*.dpr | Pascal units (*.pas)|*.pas; Hints and Tips Setting the DirectoryListBox.Drive property and the FileListBox.Directory property (in the previously written OnChange event handlers) at runtime  can be also be done at design time. You can accomplish this kind of connection at design time by setting the following properties (from the Object Inspector): DriveComboBox1.DirList : DirectoryListBox1DirectoryListBox1.FileList : FileListBox1 Users can select multiple files in a FileListBox if its MultiSelect property is True. The following code shows how to create a list of multiple selections in a FileListBox and show it in a SimpleListBox (some ordinary ListBox control).   var k: integer;...with FileListBox1 doif SelCount 0 thenfor k:0 to Items.Count-1 doif Selected[k] thenSimpleListBox.Items.Add(Items[k]) ; To display full path names that are not shortened with an ellipsis, do not assign a Label object name to the DirLabel property of a DirectoryListBox. Instead, insert a Label into a form and set its caption property in the DirectoryListBoxs OnChange event to the DirectoryListBox.Directory property.

Narratives of Adolescence Explored Through the Harry Potter Free Essays

Ergo, when had decided to examine the movies, two movies in particular came to mind – Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Cabana (2004) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part One (2010). My Hypothesis is that as the movies progress, or rather, as Harry Potter (the main character) grows up, his surrounding social relationships mature him as well. They shape his personality and consequently, shape the turn of events yet to come. We will write a custom essay sample on Narratives of Adolescence Explored Through the Harry Potter or any similar topic only for you Order Now And I would like to explore how they Influence him and why. The movie relates to the topic of the course, as it focuses on narratives of adolescence in European cinema. It takes place In a far off dimension in the United Kingdom, contains a unique combination of basic teen everyday dilemmas, social relationship matters, mental maturity conversion, and various turning points heehawed by a super natural kick. I plan to explore different influences within Harry life – his parents and parent-like role models, his friends, romantic relationships and rival enemies – to see how those relationships attributed to his maturing. Consequently, the point of focusing on society will result In a comparison of his decisions, which were much associated with protecting his kind and ensuring peace to the generations after him. The matter of taking responsibility for not only oneself, but also others, is very much relevant to the pressure many teens are feeling across the globe today. As the course focuses on gaining content and source for the corning of age subject through films, discussion and analysis of the Harry Potter movies will aim at gaining a general understanding of trauma and its depiction. Therefore, distinguishing between the personal and the social levels will emphasize these findings. In order to fully comprehend the concluding outcome of Harry Potter’s development, the basic plot shall be briefed: Harry Potter was born to a wizard and a witch, Lilly (a mugged – has no wizardly blood) and James (pure-blood) Potter, during the First Hazarding war. HIS parents were members of the order of the Phoenix – an organization led by Albums Tumbledown, purposed to defeat the dark lord, Voltmeter, and his enforcers, the Death Eaters. Voltmeter, hearing the prophecy of Hardy’s future causing his defeat, murders Lilly and James with the killing spell. However, his attempt to kill baby Harry fails, as Lilly’s love and protection causes the spell to bounce off Harry, leaving him with a lightening-shaped scar on his forehead. The scar 1 OFF Now orphaned Harry is adopted by his aunt and uncle (muscles), who mistreat him and neglect his needs. By locking Harry in his small, dusty under-staircase room and polling their only child right in front of his eyes, Harry develops a dealing mechanism of settled life. He is not aware of his rich wizardly history, or of his magical potential. When Haggard, a half-giant wizard gamekeeper from Hogwash’s School of Witchcraft and Wizardry appeared with the school’s letter of acceptance addressed to Harry, an immensely influential turning point had taken over Hardy’s life. No longer was he feeling out of place or unneeded – he had finally felt he had belonged somewhere. These feelings encouraged Hardy’s sense of purpose in life, especially as he quickly bonded with two other students at Hogwash’s – Heroine Granger and Ron Wesley. As fate would have it, Harry and his two new friends were all sorted into the same house – Gratifying. The individual who has not befriended Harry, and mocked the name preceding him was Dorado Malady, and he was sent into the Slithering house. Many relationships have influenced Harry Potter and shaped his unique characteristic individuality. This enabled a reoccurring plot twist of the constellation of his personal relations (family, intergenerational relations, peer groups- friendly allies and notorious enemies, etc. . With time, Harry is exposed to various situations here he is put under a magnifying glass for his choice of actions, although always well intended. It is almost as if he is pressured into maturing all too fast, as from the point of attending Hogwash’s Harry deals with constant life threats on his own. Help from his friends and some handpicked school staff is provided, and although much is being done in order to make Harry feel saf e and home, it is quite clear that much is being put at stake on the young adolescent’s shivering shoulders. In the first movie to be discussed – the Prisoner of Cabana – Harry is in his early adolescence stage, as he is thirteen years-old. His cinematic narrative and inherent conflicts represent a less romantic and more individual growth, as it has mostly to do with family descendents reaching out to him and unveiling the truth behind his parents and their cause of death. However, in the second movie I wish to refer to – the Deathly Hallows, Part One – Harry is eighteen years-old, meaning he is in his late adolescence stage, Just approaching the emerging adulthood stage. This movie puts the spotlight on the threesome’s friendship (Harry, Ron and Heroine), as they set out on a mission to find and destroy all of the Hercules, as they are the key to Voltmeter’s immortality. Adult presence is not felt particularly within this movie, as there is no guidance or protection from their professors, families or others. The threesome rely on each other, however, this turns out to be a difficult task, as the Dark Forces use black magic and mind games to make the three turn on each other. Overall, the learning process the film offers is a distinguished moral outline of adolescents’ development, demonstrated by social relations and interactions. The protagonist – Harry Potter – faces many obstacles in the righteous path of discovering and tears. His character evolves from a clueless, naive and stray form, to a mature, responsible, identity confident state. In this essay I plan on using a variety of research materials – the official Harry Potter books and movies, websites, fan pages and open-floor forums. The reason I have decided to use many forms of median resources is because not only am I interested in my interpretation of the character development, but I would also like to review other opinions. Shall my hypothesis be refuted, conclusive evidence must be provided as to what has influenced Harry Potter to fulfill his prophecy – become the error and savior of an entire magical kingdom. Part II: 1. Exposition (central conflict of narration). Which are the antagonistic elements of the film? 2. Intensification of the conflict (Show scenes and explain them) 3. Show development of main characters. What do they learn? How is it expressed in their action? Which fields of adolescence are addressed? 4. Turning points of story (Periphery) 5. Resolution of the conflict? Message of the story (cognitive level) 6. Which feelings/ emotions are conveyed by the film? What was the strongest emotional impression for you? How did it relate to the plot or to certain aesthetically elements of it like music, pictures. Can you describe it as an experience? / (Flabbergasting II) 7. Assessment: How could the filmed be used for educational purposes? What can be learned or experienced? Make a short statement. Work (education, profession, socio-economical situation) Cultural Belief System (Ideology, political and historical Identity) Part Ill: Scientific articles Find at least one scientific article which relates to your subject. It is favorable to use also an article that provides insights to the film, director, genre etc. Give the main arguments of the texts and try to draw a line to the message / (Flabbergasting) of the movie. How to cite Narratives of Adolescence Explored Through the Harry Potter, Essays

Computer Games Are Very Bad for People and They Cause a Lot of Problem free essay sample

Computer games are very bad for people and they cause a lot of problems Computers have change people’s lives, which has improved our living standard dramatically and makes our lives easier, more comfortable and can save more time. However, computer games do not help to improve our life at all. It is a disaster for all age groups, because it causes a lot of problems. As a student, computer games can affect your study at the school, because you spend a lot of time playing it and do not study or do homework, which you are supposed to do, although you may not care what you get in your exam. However, I believe that your parents will be disappointed if you do not work hard and waste your time on the useless computer games. Even if you are not a student, you should not spend too much time on computer games because the world is so complicated and competitive and you should keep up with the pace of it, so you won’t feel left out. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Games Are Very Bad for People and They Cause a Lot of Problem or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, the unemployment rate is increasing rapidly in the world. Therefore, you should feel lucky, if you have a job, no matter whether it is part-time or full-time. It is very easy for the owner to replace you, if you are not hard-working. As a result, I believe that employees should always pay full attention to their work and do not overplay the computer games, instead you should mingle with your friends to exchange experiences in your jobs which will increase communication. Other than that, there are still some more disadvantages of playing computer games: it can cause short-sightedness and an unhealthy diet. Since you have to stare at the computer for a long time, the eye focuses on the screen, causing the muscle of the eye (ciliary muscle) to remain relaxed and the ciliary muscle will not contract again if you play computer games from day to night without any rest. This is likely to cause short-sightedness unless you look a distant object from time to time. On the other hand, you may not have a healthy diet, because you believe computer games are more important than sleeping and having a meal at the appropriate time. This means that you do not have enough sleep because you want to proceed to the next level as soon as possible and do not enjoy your meal because you just want to beat the opponents. You are also not taking a break even when you are having meals, or you believe that you have enough energy to play the computer games continuously. In conclusion, I believe that computer games are mainly bad for people and have caused a lot of problems which bring us inconvenience such as wearing glasses. Therefore, we should not always play computer games, unless we are organized and can manage our time well. If not, I do not believe that playing computers are good for you, even though it is exciting sometimes.

The Step-by-Step Guide How to Write a Research Paper

Are you staring at the blank page on your screen and have no idea how to approach your challenging research paper? Research papers are complex and time-consuming assignments and what is really important they make up a large part of students grade in all classes. Its not a secret that academic writing is hard but written communication skills are essential for your success in college, graduate school, and in your future career. Thats why you should work hard to master the art of paper writing. If you are not sure where to start, read this article to learn about effective strategies that make this process as painless as possible. How to Write an APA Research Paper Well break down the writing process into easy steps to help you understand how to write a research paper fast no matter how long it must be. Step 1. Choose a Topic Sometimes college students are assigned with their research paper topics, but if you are fortunate enough to have such an option, choose your topic wisely. First of all, think about choosing a challenging topic you are interested in. Then, you wont be bored when doing the research because you are sure to discover something new and youll enjoy the writing process. Dont select subjects that are too technical or general. If your topic is too broad, your research paper is unlikely to be successful because it will look like a general overview. You should narrow your topic down to a certain aspect, concept or idea and make it specific and manageable. For example, if your topic is Global Warming, you should narrow it to Causes of Global Warming, Impact of Global Warming on Human Health or something like that. Step 2. Write a Working Thesis Statement Prepare a working thesis before you actually organize your research because it will guide your investigation and will help you stay focused on your subject. Your thesis statement should be concise and reflect the type of paper you are writing. All research papers can be divided into 3 categories: argumentative or persuasive if you are arguing the conclusion; expository when you explain information; analytical when you present your analysis of certain information. You have to devote enough of your precious time to creating a good strong thesis statement so that your project has a clear purpose. Your thesis should be debatable and narrow because your claims should be supported by evidence. If your claim is broad, you will need more evidence to convince your readers that you are right. Here is an example of a debatable thesis statement: Climate change is the most pressing challenge facing the world today. Step 3. Do Research on Your Topic You should find enough secondary and primary credible sources on the subject of your paper, carefully read all of them, and find relevant evidence to support your thesis. At this stage, you should evaluate your sources, take notes, and start documenting your sources according to a citation style specified by your instructor (APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, etc.) Make sure you use the latest edition of a specific style guide. You will use your notes about references later when writing your paper and building your bibliography. Its crucial to cite all sources that you used for quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing to avoid plagiarism. Step 4. Make a Good Outline Your research has given you tons of great ideas. Now you have to organize them for your impressive presentation. Dont skip this vital step because without it, your project will lack focus and you will need more time for revising your draft trying to make sense of your jumbled thoughts. Thats why you need an outline. You have to finalize your thesis and create a working outline that you plan to cover and that will serve you as a roadmap and keep you focused. Think about key points that youll need to develop to support your thesis statement. You can use them as subheadings for the body of your paper. Look through your notes and organize the information under each sub-heading. Make sure you include only relevant information that fits under your sub-headings and directly supports your thesis. You should resist the temptation to include any information that doesnt fit into your outline no matter how interesting it is. When writing an outline, you should keep in mind a typical research paper structure that commonly includes: a title page; an abstract; an introduction; a methodology section; findings/results; discussion; conclusion. But if your research paper is not long, its format may include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. In any case, you should follow specific guidelines provided by your instructor. Step 5. Create the First Draft This is the middle of the process. You have a clear direction and its time to create the first draft with a title, in-text citations, and a reference page. The title is very important if you want to make a good impression on your readers because its the first thing that they see. It forms their view on what exactly they should expect in your paper. You should list the keywords that present the topic of your paper, methods you used, and results that you achieved. Now create a sentence that includes all the keywords that you have listed and delete the unnecessary words. After that, you need to link the remaining ones. Finally, you have to delete non-essential info and organize the remaining words in the logical order. You can also include the subtitle. Make sure that your title is concise. Afterwards, you need to write an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. These are the main parts of your paper so let us provide you with some details on how to do it right. How to Write an Introduction for a Research Paper Start writing an intro. The introductory paragraph should begin with an attention grabber that may be: a provocative question; statistics; an anecdote; unusual facts, etc. You are writing an academic paper but that doesnt mean you have to be boring. Next, you need to provide the background information, explain your goals, and how you plan to approach your research paper topic. You should finish your introduction with your thesis statement or research question. This section of your paper is not long so you are sure to finish it fast. How to Write Body Paragraphs Your outline will help you to complete this part of your paper. But you shouldnt think that you must strictly follow it. It may evolve and you are free to revise it and make changes. The key thing is to stay on your track and focus on your thesis. You should provide your points and support your main idea. Start each body paragraph with a topic sentence and provide arguments and relevant evidence to support it. You should write as many body paragraphs as you have the key points. How to Write a Conclusion for a Research Paper Most research papers end with restarting their thesis statements. You can also do it but you shouldnt repeat it word for word. Paraphrase it or summarize the key points of your paper. You may emphasize the significance of your findings as well. A good idea is to provide some recommendations based on the results of your investigation or suggest some directions for further research. Your rough draft is ready. Wondering what to do next? Go on reading to find some tips on how to revise your research paper. How to Make Your Paper Perfect No one can write their first draft perfectly. So, if you want to make a good impression on your professor and earn a high grade, you should revise your draft to make sure that your project is on point. Be ready that you may need to revise your project more than once because it is really worth doing. Step 6. Revise, Editand Proofread You have to make large-scale changes and check the logic, flow, transitions, make changes in the structure and order of your paragraphs. You should make sure that all your ideas are fully developed and all the claims are supported by credible evidence. You may need to add some section headings. The next stage is editing. You have to check and eliminate filler words and phrases, improve word choice, and correct mistakes in punctuation and grammar if you find any. You should look for: incomplete sentences; dangling modifiers; easily confused words (such as to, too, and two); spelling mistakes; apostrophes for possessives and plurals; quotation rules obeyed; comma use; eliminate contractions. You will need to re-read your paper several times. A good strategy is to read your paper backwards. In this way, you will feel a little disoriented and will be able to catch more mistakes. You should start reading the last sentence, then check the second to the last one and continue doing it until you get to your first sentence. You should ask your friends or family members to review your research paper and express their opinion about it. They should evaluate your argument, transitions, and the balance and look for any inconsistencies with usage, grammar or mechanics. Ask your friends to provide their feedback and make suggested changes if you think they make sense. Finally, you may print your paper and proofread it to eliminate minor mistakes or typos and ensure that your amazing research paper is flawless. Step 7. Rely on Our Academic Custom Writing Service You can use our easy guide to craft winning research papers fast, get better grades, and enjoy your life in college. Alternatively, you can address our specialists to write research paper for you. As a result, youll spend less time but get more pleasure from studying at university.

Curent issues essays

Curent issues essays On may 21,2001- the supreme court ruled in a case involving the rights of journalists against the personal rights to privacy, that news organizations cannot be punished for broadcasting information that was passed to them unlawfully. The case began in in 1993, when a conversation between two teacher union officials-Gloria Barnicki and Anthony F. Kane Jr- was intercepted and recorded by an unknown source. One of the officials was using a car phone during the conversation, the union officials made derogatory remarks about some school board members. The tape was sent to a talk show host, who played the tape over and over for his listeners. As a result of the scandal, the two union officials, sued the stations that carried the broadcast. However, the federal district court in Penn, allowed the suit, but the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ruled otherwise, holding that the constitution did not permit liability for disclosing information of public significance when the defendant played no role in the interception. In this case, a couple of principles apply, the first being civil liberties. The two board members appealed to the court with the argument that their right to privacy was being violated. On the other side, there was the radio stations which had the freedom of the press in their side. Last but not least, the judiciary came to play, with the involvement of the federal court as well as the Supreme court. Civil liberties, are rights of the people protected by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Publication of truthful information concerning the private life of a person that would be both highly offensive to a reasonable person and not of legitimate public concern is an invasion of privacy. Liability is often determined by how the information was obtained and its newsworthiness (The First Amendment. H). According to the case being dis ...

Ch. 5 Writing Today p. 63-83 + other excerpts from the Textbook Essay

Ch. 5 Writing Today p. 63-83 + other excerpts from the Textbook - Essay Example He completed his medical training in Canada back in 1970 despite the challenges he faced as a foreigner of Middle-Eastern decent. Bugnah cites language barrier as the main obstacle that impeded the training process. Born and raised in Saudi Arabia, he was fluent in Arabic, and could barely speak English. This remained the case even after he decided to enroll in medical school in a foreign country. He admits that this disadvantage prompted him to work harder than his counterparts who were born and bred in Canada. The fact that he was also sure about what sub-field he wanted to specialize in helped him focus all his energy in perfecting his craft. â€Å"I could already see the finish line from the race’s starting point,† he retorted when asked about whether he was sure whether this was the career, he had always wanted. Because his profession centers on bringing new life into this world, the curiosity to know whether Bugnah had a family of his own ran high. â€Å"I have been blessed with a beautiful wife, three daughters and three sons†, he stated with a smile on his face. His reminiscent look showed how deeply he cared about his family: and why not? He had every reason to be happy about being able to expand his career while simultaneously take charge as the family’s primary breadwinner, as is the custom in the Middle East (AbuKhalil). Determined to know more about what his plans for the future were, I asked him about his accolades he had received in the past. Bugnah remains a well-respected OBGYN, regarded by those within and without the profession. So far, he has received honorary awards from top-universities across the globe, and especially at his alma mater. He continuously engages in research projects, which has resulted in the publication of many of his works. Bugnah hopes to retire in five years time, which will give him more time to focus on the research aspect of OBGYN. It is evident that just like others in his profession, full-time research is the

Professional Development Plan (PDP) & Review - Developing new skills Assignment

Professional Development Plan (PDP) & Review - Developing new skills and behaviours - Assignment Example Since the cycle of development is a continuous process, it is only via reviewing the plan effectively in order to formulate appropriate plans for the future steps. Furthermore, the effective review of the plan can also identify the effectiveness of one’s plan, and that their direction is aligned to their future ambitions. Objectives/Goals Students, just as professionals, require a professional development plan to monitor their academic progress. This tool enables the student to devise a plan which to follow in ensuring their success and development into a sort-after employee (Barrett, 2008). A student’s learning environment is central to their success and as such they must be provided with suitable physical and mental environment from which to grow their academic ambitions. The recent past has seen huge developments in technology that has seen some technologies like the iPad rise into prominence. As a result, Barrett (2008) believes that it is vital to keep up to date w ith such technological advancements in order to keep by the CPD standards as well as improve the personal performance of the student, team performances as well as inflict organisational or institutional excellence. In order to achieve this, it is essential to set SMARTe goals. The set goals should be strategic and specific with respect to the student’s needs, they can be measured, they are attainable, they should be results oriented or relevant, they can be achieved within a specific period of time and they must also accommodate everyone. The major objectives include: i. To ensure that the students have a supportive, safe, and equitable environment for learning their activities. ii. To explore as well as implement different instructional strategies in order to increase the achievement of the students. iii. To increase the achievement of the students via the use of technological applications in the classroom as well as in the instruction and management of data in the instituti on. Professional Development Plan A professional development plan (PDP) is a tool that enables students to identify their existing skills as well as help them develop new plans for the further development of other skills in desired and or relevant fields. Employers all over the globe are placing greater emphasis on skills and their advancement or development. As a result, it vital that students be able to lay bare that the skills they possess have been acquired and developed actively over a relatively long time. The development of such skills enables students to develop into productive professionals as well as placing them into better positions to compete for the ever reducing opportunities for employment after successful completion of their academic courses. Day and Sachs (2004) define CPD as â€Å"a term used to describe all the activities in which professionals engage during the course of a career, which are designed to enhance their work† (p. 3). Progress Review Among the underpinning stones of long-term learning is the ability to self evaluate as well as update personal skills and knowledge. Critical skills for students’ development are the abilities to learn via experience and become progressively more self critical and self aware (Luzinski, 2011). This can be determined via evaluation and reflection

What It Means To Be Canadian

What It Means To Be Canadian To no ones surprise, being a Canadian means different things to different people and it is quite commonplace for many Canadians to have multiple identities and even multiple allegiances. Predictably, it is not always clear how these multiple identities can fit into Canadian society and fault lines inevitably arise between those with different identities. The next several pages will look at the oldest fault-line of them all at least among Canadians of European extraction which is the fault line between English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians. It resonates with this writer because, frankly, so much of our constitutional and political history has been wrapped up with trying to resolve the grievances and insecurities of French Canadians. For those within and without this fault line, Canadian identity is complicated because those who fall outside it people who have arrived from Asia or the Caribbean or from various other parts of the world are subtly reminded, through official bilingualism and through the constant constitutional wrangling over whether or not Quebec is a distinct society, that perhaps they are not true or authentic Canadians in the way some other groups are. Further, for French Canadians, the battle has always been between identifying themselves as Canadians or identifying themselves as French-Canadians who deserve to stand apart from other Canadians. This paper will look at the French-English divide in Canada by providing a brief historical overview of the tensions that have long existed between the two sides; as should be plain, the divide has been with us since before Confederation and will surely be with us for some time still to come. The paper will then turn to look at the introduction of Bill 101 in 1977 and how that ushered in a new era of strained English-French relations. With that out of the way, the paper will subsequently observe how the fault line in general has complicated how people who associate with this group identity interact within Canadian society? In short, how have French Canadians (the minority group and the group most likely to be inflamed by linguistic considerations) interacted within Canada in light of the powerful divide that separates them and that exacerbates their hostilities towards one another? With special reference to French Canadians, what does it mean to them (or what has it meant to them rec ently) to be Canadian within the context of Canada? Last of all, the essay will explore what the future of the Canadian national identity might well be should tensions in this fault line increase or tensions in other fault lines increase. We can all imagine that simmering tensions will weaken the connective tissue that binds Canadians together and will create the prospect for the fragmentation of Canadian society unless common ground is found. The only saving grace for Canada with regards to this particular English-French divide is that demographic factors may end up resolving it by changing the composition of Quebec and of Canada so dramatically that the country no longer much cares about English-French hostilities. Historical context of the English-French divide The simple reality is that tensions between English and French have always been a part of the Canadian landscape. In the eighteenth century, the British and French bitterly wrestled for control of North America and, at the end of that century and in the early decades of the next one, there was a significant divide between the French Canadians of Lower Canada and the English elites of that province who deigned to pass measures from on high. Suffice it to say, the educated professional elite that dominated the legislative assembly of Lower Canada from the turn of the nineteenth century onwards reacted most negatively to the disproportionate power held by (and general unresponsiveness exhibited by) the English-dominated colonial executive (executive council) and by the British-appointed governor (Greer, 1993). The end result was the ill-fated and violent 1837 Rebellion in Lower Canada when French-Canadian nationalists finally exploded in armed outrage at the refusal of the British gover nment to seriously contemplate the democratization of the Legislative Council (Breakenridge Read, 2008). As most students of Canadian history are aware, the aforementioned rebellion led to the Durham Report of 1839 wherein John Lambton, the Earl of Durham, advocated the cultural assimilation of French Canadian Lower Canada into a larger union with Lower Canada that would be dominated by the English. In effect, the best way to resolve the sense of grievance percolating in the hearts of French Canadians was to simply assimilate them (Van Male, 1997). For Lord Durham, what was tearing at the entrails of Lower Canada was a profound ethnic and linguistic conflict that fundamentally involved two nations warring in the bosom of a single state (quoted in Greer, 1993, p.153). Ultimately, though tensions did lessen somewhat from their high water mark in the late 1830s, the old animosity never completely went away: at least one observer has written about this tragic element in our historyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.this is a country of ingrown prejudicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.unthinking, irrational and mean (Lower Q uoted in Cameron, 1997, p.372). During the subsequent generations, the animus between French Canadians and English Canadians always lurked just beneath the surface and could burst into flame at any moment. In general, many of the most significant moments in Canadian history have either revolved around French-English rapprochement the original constitutional deliberations of the 1860s or have revolved around French-Canadian animosities spilling into the open: the Conscription Crises of Two World Wars; the Richard riots of the 1950s; the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s and the federal governments attempts to head off Quebec nationalism; and the hotly-contested separatist referenda of 1980 and 1995. If one wants to understand the constitutional morass of the 1970s and 1980s (or 1990s) or if one wants to understand the original inspiration for Canadian multiculturalism (for more on how official multiculturalism under Trudeau was chiefly a response to Quebec nationalism, please see Tierney, 2007), then one must understand the fault line between English and French in Canada. Naturally, one of the greatest sources of tension of all was the battle on the part of French Canadians to protect the ir linguistic inheritance from the encroachment of the English majority. Discussion and analysis: how has the divide between English and French, and the formulation of Bill 101, impacted the interactions between the two groups within Canada? The 1977 Quebec language law was probably an inevitable consequence of the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s; protecting French culture from Les Anglais, after all, necessarily meant protecting the language from desecration and from conquest at the hands of English. Specifically, French-Canadian academics at the start of the 1970s wrote that the history of French Canada within the Canadian Confederation was very often a history of fighting to maintain the integrity of the French language. The passage of the Trudeau governments Official Language Law in 1970 saw French recognized as an official language in all federal affairs and constituted a victory of sorts, but the corresponding (and rather surprising) efforts of the Quebec government to pass Bill 63 a bill that would have granted the English language official status in Quebec was perceived as a direct threat to the primacy of the French language and viewed as setting the groundwork for the anglification of the population of Quebec ( Angers, 1970). Obviously, this raised the temperature in the room when it came to the ongoing debate about what measures should be taken to protect the French language in Quebec and expedited the arrival of Bill 101. The fault line between French Canada and English Canada has impacted or complicated how both groups (but particularly French Canadians) interact with Canada and with their Canadian identity in the sense that it has created a hyphenated group of Canadians who can be reliably expected to break down on the issues according to their linguistic background. The great conscription crises and the animus unleashed in the two referendum campaigns nearly a generation apart attest to how people on both sides (but especially French Canadians) have elected to define themselves by the language they speak than by the country of which they are a part. Bill 101, maybe more than any other single piece of legislation, reminded all Canadians of how the fault line between English and French was predicated upon concerns over language and, specifically, whose language would survive over time. Examining the act itself, Bill 101 was an act that mandated a number of things that could only have heightened the mistrust and paranoia of the English-speaking minority in Quebec at the same time as it surely disenchanted new arrivals from elsewhere in the world. Notably, Bill 101 decreed that French-only public signs were to be a feature of the province; French became the language of work in public institutions; and the autonomy of English schools in Quebec was sharply reduced (Levine, 1990). And, as most students are aware, and as our course notes remind us, Bill 101 also mandated that all students receive their schooling in French. The bill was a shot across the bow of English Quebec and divided Canadians dramatically along ethic and linguistic affiliation. To get to the heart of the matter, for French Canadians, Bill 101 was simply a re-conquest that merely asserted that French was the dominate language of la Belle Province; for English-speaking Quebeckers, however, the passage of Bill 101 was a clear repudiation of the English language as it stripped away the Charter status of the English language and also limited the rights and privileges of a linguistic group that, historically, had wielded most of the power in Quebec (Levine, 1990, p.119). Now, and maybe forever after, the centrality of language to ones conception of his or herself and his or her place in Canada could no longer be swept under the rug and the pretence that we were/are all loyal Canadians first was shattered. In general, Bill 101 has allowed the French language to retain somewhat of its lustre amongst visible minorities arriving in Quebec: recent data compiled by the Canadian Human Rights Commission indicates that, by a 2 to 1 margin, French is the first official language of visible minorities in the province (Canadian Human Rights Commission, 2007). Source: Canadian Human Rights Commission. (2007). Strategic Initiatives: section 6 Quebec. Retrieved August 5, 2010 from http://www.chrc-ccdp.ca/proactive_initiatives/bvm_mvb/page6-en.asp Information such as that above indicates that any hopes of complete English conquest of Quebec will have to wait for a little while longer. In fact, a closer look at the data reveals that the number of Quebeckers who identify English as their Mother Tongue appears to be declining and has been for several years (Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, 2007). Source: Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. (2007). Ethnolinguistic composition of the population. OCOL. Retrieved August 5, 2010 from http://www.ocol-clo.gc.ca/html/ar_ra_04_05_v1_14_e.php We can safely conclude that language laws have contributed, even if indirectly, to the exodus of English speakers out of Quebec and to the polarization of sentiments between English and French within Quebec. However, such language laws do not guarantee the future of the French language in the province given the mass influx of new Canadians who speak neither English nor French or who are disinterested in learning French. For many French Canadians, being Canadian may still mean being French Canadian first above all else; however, as the demographic shape of Canada changes due to high immigration, they may find themselves even more isolated than ever before but this time isolated within a huge polyglot nation where the competing languages are not just English but dozens, or even hundreds, of others. At the end of it all, any increased tensions between French and English in Canada will tear at the Canadian national identity in the sense that it undermines the legitimacy of the confederation to have the two founding languages fighting with one another. On the other hand, even if simmering tensions will only intensify the self-identification of French Canadians with their French heritage, the reality is that all the chauvinism in the world may not matter chiefly because French Canada and English Canada are becoming relatively smaller pieces of the Canadian mosaic as the nation welcomes in people from Asia, from Africa, from South America and from Eastern Europe who do not have either language as their first language. Ultimately, if other divides in Canada fall the French-English model and grow more acrimonious, then the countrys future could be at risk; however, the French-English divide will probably become less important over time. Conclusion The past several pages have looked at the English-French divide in Canada, the ancient fault-line, and have argued that language laws instituted in Quebec surely did not help in bringing the two sides together; if anything, ancient animosities were revived. However, Canada is a changing nation and that means that no one can safely assume that Canada will tear apart if the gulf between English and French widens. The future is uncertain, but it is unlikely that the French and English divide will remain the dominant one in Canadian life simply because Canada is a country that is moving beyond its French/English past.

Biology Lab

Lab   #1   ? Introduction   to   the   Microscopy   & Observation   of   Prokaryotic   and   Eukaryotic Cells Introduction Many   of   the   cells   and   organisms   that   you   will   be   studying   are   at   the   lower   limits   of   visibility   of   light   microscopes;   therefore,   it   is   extremely   important   that   you   attain   critical   lighting   and   focussing. It   is   also   important   to   handle   the   microscope   competently   to   avoid   damaging   either   the   microscope   or   the   preparation   you   are   studying. Even   students   who   have   previously   used   microscopes  should  read  the  instructions  carefully. Guide  Biolabo Using a web rowser, go to   the   following   web   site: http://salinella. bio. uottawa. ca/biolabo/   (you   can   try   it   from   home). Under   Microscopy   you   will   find   links   to   pages   that   describe   both   type   of   microscopes   you   will   use   this   semester,   as   well   as   how   to   set   up   and   use   them. It   is   strongly   recommended   that   you   visit   these   pages   prior   to   attending  your  first  lab. Image  J  /  Qcapture Although   you   can   make   all   your   observations   by   watching   directly   through   the   oculars,   it   also   can   be   done   on   the   computer   screen   using   the   digital   camera   attached   to   each   microscope.For   that,   you   will   use   the   Image   J   program   together   with   a   capture   plugin called   Qcapture. Visit   the   lab   website   to   learn   how   to   use   Image   J   (link   on   the   homepage). All   observations   can   be   made   on   your  computer   screen   or   in   the   oculars. Each   method   has   its   advantages   and   drawbacks;   you   will   have   to   choose   which   one  it  more  appropriate  (or  the  one  you  prefer): Oculars Screen ? Greater  resolution ? Wider  field  of  view ? Can  share  observation  with  others ? More  comfortable  for  users ? Take  pictures  while  observing Lab1  ? Microscopy The  Compound  Microscope On   the   Guide   Biolabo   page   click   on   the   CX41   Compound   Microscope   link   then   on   Parts   and   Function. This   will   bring   up   a   labelled   line   diagram   of   your   microscope. Familiarize   yourself   with   the   various   components   shown   in   this   figure. Then,   click   on   Setup   and   Bright   field   alignment   in   order   to   know  how  to  use  and  handle  the  microscope. Now,   locate   your   compound   microscope   in   the   cupboard   below   the   sink   of   your   workstation. Place   it   on   the   counter   between   the omputer   and   the   end  of  the  counter. Be  sure  that  whenever  you  transport  the  microscope,  it   is   always   kept   upright;   the   ocular   lens   will   fall   out   if   the   scope   is   tilted   or   swung. Even   though   you   don’t   need   the   dissecting   microscope   right   now,   take   it   out  of  the  cupboard  and  install  it  beside  the  compound  microscope. Connect   one   firewire   cable   to   each   of   the   cameras   installed   on   top   of   the   microscopes. This  way,  everything  is  setup  for  further  observations  both  on   your  computer  screen  and  through  the  oculars. Parts  of  the  compound  microscopeThe   microscope   consists   of   a   system   of   lenses,   a   light   source,   and   a   geared   mechanism   for   adjusting   the   distance   between   the   lens   system   and   object   being   observed. There   are   a   number   of   important   components   and   it   is   essential   that   you   be   able   to   identify   them   and   understand   their   function   before  you  can  proceed. By  going  through  the  different  modules  in  Biolabo   and   using   the   microscope   you   will   develop   a   competency   for   bright   field   microscopy. Identify   the   following   components   using   Biolabo   (Parts   andà ‚   functions   figure)  and  your  microscope:REVOLVING  NOSEPIECE:  Supports  the  various  objectives  ? You  will  only  use   the  4x,  10x  and  40x  objectives  in  the  BIO1140  labs  (not  the  100x). STAGE:   Supports   the   specimen   being   observed. A   system   of   knobs   on   the   side   of   the   stage   allows   you   to   move   the   specimen   under   the   objective   on   the  X  and  Y  axes. Try  and  move  the  stage. COARSE   FOCUS   KNOB:   Permits   rapid   change   in   distance   between   the   specimen   and   the   objective   thereby   allowing   for   rough   focussing   –   Do   not   use  when  focusing  with  the  40x  objectiveFINE   FOCUS   KNOB:   Permits   small   changes   in   distance   between   the   specimen   and   the   obje ctive   and   thereby   allows   for   final   focussing   of   the   image. 10 Lab1  ? Microscopy OCULAR   OR   EYEPIECE:   A   magnifying   element   in   the   microscope,   usually   10X. It   is   through   the   ocular,   or   eyepiece   that   one   looks   at   the   specimen. All   our   microscopes   are   parfocal,   so   that   when   an   object   is   in   focus   with   one   objective,   the   focus   will   not   be   completely   lost   when   changing   to   the   next  objective. OBJECTIVES:  The  magnifying  element  which  is  closest  to  the  specimen.See   figure  1  to  find  out  about  the  engravings  on  the  side  of  each  objective. CONDENSER:   System   of   lenses   that   concentrates   the   light   furnished   by   the   illuminator. It  does  not  magnif y  the  object. CONDENSER   HEIGHT   ADJUSTMENT   KNOB:   Allows   one   to   focus   the   concentrated  light  onto  the  specimen. APERTURE  IRIS  DIAPHRAGM:  Used  to  reduce  glare  from  unwanted  light  by   adjusting  the  angle  of  the  cone  of  light  that  comes  from  the  condenser; Production  of  Image  by  a  Compound  Microscope The   most   important   part   of   a   microscope   is   the   objective.All   the   other   parts  of  the  instrument  are  designed  to  help  the  objective  produce  the  best   possible  image. The  best  image  is  not  the  largest;  it  is  the  clearest. There  is   no   value   to   a   high   magnification. If   the   resolution   is   poor   you   will   have   no   better  understanding  of  the  specimen. light  beam ocularà ‚  lens Magnification Numerical  aperture  (NA) Determines   the   resolving power  of  the  objective* Optical   tube   length   /   max. coverslip  thickness  in  mm prism objective  lens specimen condenser  lens Figure  1:  Objectives  engravings light  sourceFigure  2:  Image  production  in  a  compound  microscope. 11 Lab1  ? Microscopy *Resolving  power  is  the  ability  to  see  two  objects  that  are  very  close  as  two   separate  objects. The  human  eye  will  resolving  power  is  about  100 µm. Using  the  compound  microscope Always   handle   the   microscope   GENTLY! It   is   an   expensive,   delicate   and   heavy   instrument. Carry   it   with   two   hands,   one   hand   on   the   arm,   and   the   other   hand   under   the   base. If   the   ocular   or   objective   is   dir ty,   wipe   it   clean   using   ONLY   Kimwipes   or   special   lens   tissue   and   cleaning   fluid   supplied.If   you   use   anything   else   you   may   scratch   the   lens. Wipe   up   any   cleaning   fluid   immediately;   otherwise   it   will   dissolve   the   glue   which   holds   the   lens   in   place. REMEMBER,  your  demonstrator  is  here  to  help,  so†¦ ASK! 1. Make   sure   that   the   power   cord   is   plugged   into   the   back   of   your   microscope  and  into  a  power  outlet. 2. Using  the  letter  Ã¢â‚¬Å"e†Ã‚  microscope  slide  provided,  follow  steps  2  through  13   in   the   Setup   and   Bright   field   alignment   procedure   of   Biolabo. Remember,   observation  can  be  done  on  screen  or  through  the  oculars. Orientation  an d  working  distance . Starting   your   examination   with   the   4X   objective,   position   the   letter   â€Å"e†Ã‚   slide  on  the  stage. 2. Draw  what  you  see  in  the  microscope:_________________ 3. What  would  a  slide  with  the  letter  Ã¢â‚¬Å"t†Ã‚  look  like  under  the  microscope? _________________ 4. Using  the  knobs  located  on  the  side  of  the  stage  and  looking  through  the   microscope,   move   the   slide   slowly   to   the   right,   then   to   the   left. Record   your  observations. ___________________________________   5. Now,   move   the   slide   slowly   away   from   you,   then   towards   you   while   observing  through  the  microscope.Record  your  observations   ____________________________________ 6. Focus  on  the  slide  at  10X. Check  the  dist ance  between  the  objective  lens   and  your  slide  (=  the  working  distance,  see  also  the  reference  at  the  end  of   this   chapter). Now   switch   to   the   40X   objective   and   check   the   working   distance. What   happens   to   the   working   distance   as   your   magnification   increases? 12 Lab1  ? Microscopy Depth  of  field  (depth  of  focus) Lenses   have   a   depth   of   focus. It   is   the   number   of   planes   in   which   an   object   appears   to   be   in   focus.Extend   your   fist   at   arm’s   length   in   front   of   you   and   hold   your   thumb   up. Concentrate   on   your   thumb   and   notice   that   the   objects  past  your  thumb  on  the  other  side  of  the  room  are  not  clearly  seen. Similarly   withà ‚   a   microscope,   when   it   is   focussed   on   one   surface,   the   surfaces  lower  or  higher  will  be  out  of  focus. 1. Position   a   prepared   slide   with   coloured   threads   upon   the   stage. At   low   power,  4X,  focus  on  the  area  where  the  threads  cross. 2. Using  the  fine  focus  adjustment,  focus  up  and  down  slowly. 3. Repeat   using   different   objectives.What   can   you   say   about   the   depth   of   field   at   different   magnifications? Has   it   increased   or   decreased? (i. e. ,   can   you  see  more  threads  in  one  focal  plane  at  4X  or  40X? ) ____________________________________________________________ Magnification The  magnification  given  by  objectives  and  oculars  is  engraved  on  them. The   total   magnification   for   any   combination   of   objective   and   ocular   is   the   product  of  the  magnification  of  each  lens. Objective  magnification Ocular  magnification Total  Magnification Light  intensity Working  distance 4x 10x 40x High 22mm 10x 10x 100xMedium 10. 5mm 40x 10x 400x Low 0. 56mm Table1   . Comparison   magnification,   working   distance   and   brightness   at   three   different   objective  magnifications. You  also  can  calculate  the  magnification  of  your  picture  using  the  following   formula: Magnification  factor=  measured  size  of  object  =  (  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  X) Actual  size  of  object 13 Lab1  ? Microscopy Specimen   size   and   Magnification   of the  picture Before   you   start   this   exercise,   make   sure   you   have   carefully   read   the   website   section   rele vant   to   the   software   you   will   use   to   take   digital   pictures  (ImageJ/Qcapture).The   goal   of   this   section   is   to   teach   you   different   techniques   that   will   allow   you   to   determine   the   size   of   objects   you’re   observing   under   the   microscope. The   general   principle   is   fairly   simple:   2   objects   have   the   same   relative   size   (expressed   as   a   ratio)   in   the   real   world   and   under   the   microscope. actual  size  of  object  A  Ã‚  Ã‚  =  on? screen  size  of  object  A  Ã‚  ? A1  =  A2     actual  size  of  object  B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on? screen  size  of  object  B  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B2 The  following  exercises  are  applications   of  this  formula. Place  a  sli de  under   the   microscope.Choose   the   right   objective   and   adjust   the   focus   and   light   level. Then,  choose  a  structure  you  want  to  measure  and  take  a  picture. A? First   method:   Measuring   an   object   using   the   field   of   view  (FOV): The   simplest   way   to   determine   the   size   of   an   object   is   to   use   the   known   size  of  the  whole  field  of  view  (FOV,  the  whole  picture  from  left  to  right). 1? On   the   computer   screen   (using   a   ruler   and   without   writing   anything   of   the  screen),  measure  the  object  of  which  you  want  to  determine  the  size  (=   A2) 2? Then,  measure  the  width  of  the  whole  picture  on  the  screen  (=B2). ? Refer   to   table   2   on   page   20   to   know   the   actual   size   of   the   field   of   view   for  the  objective  you’re  using  (=B1) 4? Use  the  following  formula: Actual  size  of  the  object  (A1)  =  Actual  size  of  the  FOV  (B1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  x  Ã‚  Ã‚  on? screen  size  of  the  object  (A2) on? screen  size  of  the  FOV  (B2) Example:   On   a   snapshot   using   the   4x   objective,   an   insect   has   an   on? screen   length  of  10cm. The  whole  picture  is  20cm  wide. What  is  the  actual  size  of  the  insect? ______________________________ 14 Lab1  ? Microscopy B? Second   method:   Measuring   an   object   using   a   scale   bar  file:From   Image   J   (using   the   file   /   open   command),   open   the   file   that   contains   the   relevant   scale   bar   in   the    (T:/BIO/BIO1140):   new10X. jpg   for   the   10x   objective,  and  new40X. jpg  (for  the  4x  and  40x  objectives). Then,   using   a   ruler   measure   the   following   distances   directly   on   the   computer  screen: 1? The   on? screen   length   (or   width)   of   the   object   whose   size   you   wish   to   determine  (=A2) 2? The  width  of  the  scale  bar  on  the  screen  (=B2)   You  now  can  calculate  the  actual  size  of  the  object  using  the  formula: actual  size  of  object  =  on? creen  length  of  object  Ã‚  x  Ã‚  actual  size  of  scale  bar*        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  on? screen  length  of  scale  bar ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A1  =  A2  x  B1 B2 *The   actual   size   of   the   scale   bar   is   indicated   on   the   scale   bar   file   (ex:   on   the   new10x. jpg   file,  the  bar  represents  0. 2mm  at  10x  or  0. 02mm  at  100x)  =  B1 Example:  I  took  a  picture  of  a  small  insect  larva,  using  the  4x  objective. The   larva   length   is   60mm   on   the   screen. The   scale   bar   on   the   new40x. jpg   is   30mm  and  represents  0. 2mm. What  is  the  actual  size  of  the  larva? _________________________Do  not  put  the  compound  microscope  back  in  the  cupboard  you  will  need  it   later  this  afternoon. Points  to  remember  concerning  microscopes 1. Always   work   with   a   clean   microscope. Use   only   the   lens   paper   provided. Don't  forget  to  clean  the  slide  too! 2. Always   locate   the   specimen   under   low   power   and   work   your   way   up   to   the  high  power  objective. 3. Never   use   the   coarse   focusing   knob   when   the   high   power   lens   is   in   position. Use  only  the  fine  focus  knob. 4. Never  use  the  100x  in  1st  year  labs  (we  didn’t  teach  you  how)   5.Always   readjust   illumination   whenever   you   change   the   objective. Too   much  light  will  give  you  a  blurry  image  that  you  cannot  focus  on. 15 Lab1  ? Microscopy The  stereoscopic  microscope (dissecting  microscope) The   stereoscopic   microscope,   also   called   stereoscope   or   dissecting   microscope,   is   used   to   view   objects   that   are   too   large   or   too   thick   to   observe  under  the  comp ound  microscope. Stereo   microscopes   are   always   equipped   with   two   oculars   producing   a   stereoscopic   or   three? dimensional   image. Unlike   the   compound   microscope,  the  image  is  not  inverted.Our   stereo   microscopes   provide   magnification   in   the   range   of   6. 7X   ? 45X   using   a   zoom? type   lens   system. By   rotating   a   dial   located   on   the   right   side   of   the   stereo   microscope   head,   the   viewer   obtains   a   continuous   change   of   magnification. Our   stereo   microscopes   can   be   used   with   reflected   or   transmitted   light. Reflected   light   is   directed   unto   opaque   specimens   from   above   and   is   reflected   to   the   viewer. Transmitted   light   is   used   with   translucent   specimens   and   passes   through   the   specimen   from   beneath   the   stage   and   into  the  viewer's  eyes.Use  of  the  stereoscopic  microscope 1. On   the   Biolabo   home   page   left   click   on   Stereoscope   (Dissecting   microscope)  and  then  on  Stereoscope  setup. 2. Click  on  Step  1  and  read  it  carefully. Obtain  a  stereo  microscope  from  the   same  cupboard  as  your  compound  microscope  if  you  haven’t  yet. 3. Click  on  and  read  steps  2  through  7. 4. Place  a  coin  on  the  stage. 5. Using   the   focussing   knob   on   either   side   of   the   arm,   lower   or   raise   the   objective   until   the   coin   is   in   focus. Examine   it   in   both   reflected   and   transmitted  light.Which   is   best   for   an   opaque   specimen? Try   t he   various   magnifications   by   turning   the   zoom   knob. The   reflected   light source   is   similar   to   a   spotlight   and  its  orientation  can  be  adjusted  manually. Try  rotating  the  light  upwards   and  downwards. 6. Examine  other  materials  such  as  brine  shrimp  larvae  (Artemia)  in  a  watch   glass   using   both   reflected   and   transmitted   light. Add   1? 2   drops   of   â€Å"proto? slow†Ã‚   solution   to   slow   down   the   larvae. Estimate   the   actual   size   of   one   larva:  __________ 16 Lab1  ? Microscopy Prokaryotic  and  Eukaryotic  cellsIt   has   long   been   recognized   that   living   organisms   are   composed   of   basic   structural   and   functional   units   called   cells. Cells   can   be   divided   into   two   general   type s:   prokaryotic   and   eukaryotic,   based   on   the   presence   of   a   nucleus  and  other  membrane  bound  organelles  in  the  latter. Prokaryotic   cells   belong   to   2   big   groups:   archaea   and   eubacteria. They   are   usually   smaller   than   eukaryotic   cells   (typically   1? 5 µm). These   unicellular   organisms  may  be  small,  but  they  are  the  most  abundant  organisms  on  the   planet,   representing   about   half   the   biomass   (Biology,   Brooker   et   al. 010,   McGraw? Hill&Ryerson). They   are   devoid   of   membrane   bound   organelle   such   as   the   nucleus,   mitochondria   or   chloroplasts. Their   genetic   material   is   usually   composed   of   one   circular   chromosome   plus   other   extra   chromosomal  elements  called  plasmids. Euka ryotic   cells   are   usually   much   larger. They   possess   a   membrane   bound   nucleus,   their   organelles   are   more   complex   and   numerous,   and   their   genome   is   larger   than   prokaryotes. Eukaryotic   organisms   can   be   uni? or   multicellular. You   will   have   a   chance   to   observe   many   eukaryotic   cells   during  this  semester:  Amoeba,  Lilly,  Whitefish†¦.In   today's   exercise   you   will   take   a   first   look   at   the   similarities   and   differences   between   prokaryotic   and   eukaryotic   cells   as   well   as   the   diversity  within  these  groups. You   should   familiarize   yourselves   with   a   whole   array   of   cellular   structures   and   organelles   you   will   probably   encounter   during   the   course   of   this   exercise. Before   your   scheduled   lab   session,   write   down   the   definition   and   function  for  each  of  the  following  terms:  plasma  (cell)  membrane,  cell  wall,   protoplast,  cytoplasm,  vacuoles,  nucleus,  nucleolus  and  chloroplasts.Eukaryotic  Cells:  Elodea  (plant) 1? Get   a   young   green   Elodea   leaf   from   the   jar. Mount   it   in   a   drop   of   water   on   a   clean   microscope   slide   with   the   convex   side   of   the   leaf   uppermost. Cover  the  preparation  with  a  coverslip. 2? Observe   the   preparation   at   4X,   then   at   10X. If   you   see   brownish   oval   structures   on   the   leaf   surface,   ignore   then. These   are   probably   epiphytic   diatoms. Concentrate  your  attention  on  the  cells  near  the  cent ral  rib  at  the   base  of  the  leaf  and  on  the  marginal  cells  at  the  edge  of  the  leaf. Can  you  distinguish  several  layers  making  up  the  leaf? ____ ? What   is   the   average   length   ______   and   width   ______   of   the   cells   in   micrometres? 17 Lab1  ? Microscopy 3? Focussing  at  40X  locate  the  cell  wall,  the  vacuole,  the  cytoplasm  and  the   numerous  green  chloroplasts. ? What   important   biological   process   takes   place   in   the   chloroplasts? _____________________________________ ? What  pigment  is  responsible  for  their  green  colouration? ________________________________________________ ? What  is  the  shape  of  chloroplasts? ____________________________________________ ? Are  the  chloroplasts  moving? What  sort  of  movement? ____________________________ _____________________ ? The  phenomenon  you  are  observing  is  called  cytoplasmic  streaming   or   cyclosis. What   do   you   think   the   function   of   such   a   process   could   be? ___________________________________________________ 4? You   have   probably   realised   that   the   plasma   membrane   cannot   be   seen   in   plant   cells. It   is   too   thin   to   be   resolved   with   the   compound   microscope.In   order   to   see   the   true   limiting   boundary   of   the   cytoplasm   it   is   necessary   to   treat   the   cells   in   such   a   manner   that   the   plasma   membrane   becomes   withdrawn   away   from   the   rigid   cell   wall. This   can   be   done   by   placing   the   cell   in   a   strong   salt   solution. This   will   cause   water   toà ‚   diffuse   out   of   the   cell   by   osmosis,   thereby   decreasing   the   cell   volume. The   unaffected   cell   wall remains  in  its  original  state. What  can  then  be  seen  is  a  space  between  the   cell  wall  and  the  limiting  boundary  of  the  protoplast  (the  cell  minus  the  cell   wall)  which  thereby  becomes  visible. Remove   your   Elodea   slide   from   the   microscope   stage. Delicately   remove   the   coverslip,   add   one   drop   of   5%   NaCl   solution   then   put   back  the  coverslip  on  your  preparation ? Refocus   at   40x   (don't   forget:   you   must   first   focus   at   4X,   then   10X   and  finally  at  40x). ? Are   the   cells   plasmolyzed? (If   not   wait   a   while   longer). How   do   they   look  like  now? __ ____________________ ? Has  the  cell  wall  been  affected? _________________   ? What   becomes   of   the   large   central   vacuole   during   plasmolysis? ______  _______________________________________________ Take  a  picture  of  a  plasmolyzed  Elodea  cell. How  does  it  compare  to   the  previous  picture? 18 Lab1  ? Microscopy Prokaryotic  Cells:  Lyngbya  (eubacteria:  cyanobacteria)   1. Take   a   close   look   at   the   sample   in   the   jar. Which   colour   would   best   describe  its  appearance? ___________________ 2. Prepare  a  wet  mount  of  fresh  Lyngbya  by  the  following  procedure:   ? With   forceps   or   an   eye   dropper,   put   a   very   small   amount   of   green   matter  on  a  clean  slide ? Add  a  drop  of  water  from  the  jar. ? Carefully   place   a   co verslip   over   it. Make   sure   it   lies   flat   on   the   preparation.Don't   worry   if   there   are   just   a   few   air   bubbles. With   practice,   your   skills   will   improve. However,   if   too   many   air   bubbles   are   present,   your   preparation   risks   to   dry   out   very   quickly   during   viewing,  compromising  your  observations. 3. Starting  with  the  4X  objective,  focus  on  your  preparation. ? Can  you  see  numerous  green  filaments? _______ ? Are  the  filaments  moving? __________ 4. Switch  to  the  10X  then  the  40X  objective  and  focus  using  the  fine  focus   knob  only: ? Do  you  see  the  individual  cells  making  up  each  filament? ________ ? Estimate  the  width  of  one  filament  in  micrometres:_______ What’s  the  filamentà ‚  width  in  millimetres  (mm)? ________ ? REMEMBER:   You   are   working   with   living   cells. Work   quickly   and   keep   your   specimen   wet   at   all   times. Dead,   dry   or   damaged   biological  preparations  are  useless. Returning  the  microscopes  after  use After   completing   all   observations,   turn   and   click   the   low   power   objective   (4X)  on  the  compound  microscope  into  position. Remove  the  slide  from  the  stage  and  return  it  to  its  correct  box. Wipe  the  stages  with  a  clean  paper  towel. Carefully  disconnect  the  camera  from  the  firewire  cable.Make   sure   you   turned   off   the   light   on   each   microscope,   then   unplug   the   power  cord  and  make  a  loose  coil  of  it  around  the  eyepieces. Return  the  microscope  in  the  cupboard. 19 Lab1  ? Microscopy TAs   will   check   that   you   properly   returned   the   microscopes   in   the cupboard   with  the  cord  properly  attached  and  no  slide  present  on  the   stage. You   will   lose  marks  for  this  lab  (and  other  labs)  if  you  don’t  do  so. Evaluation A   short   quiz   on   microscope   components,   specimen   observations   and   measurement  of  objects  will  take  place  at  the  beginning  of  Lab2.Be  on  time,  the  quiz  will  start  at  2:30. References: 1? Metric  system  (see  also  appendix  IV  at  the  end  of  lab  manual):   1  centimetre  cm  =  10? 2  metres  (m) 1  millimetre  mm  =  10? 3  metres 1  micrometre  ? m  =  10? 6  metres 1  nanometre  nm  =  10? 9  metres 2? Size  of   camera  field  of  views  (fov): Table  2:  Fields  of  View:  Olympus  CX41  Compound  Microscope   Objective 4X 10X 40X 100X Camera  field  of  view (width  in  mm) 1. 75 0. 70 0. 175 0. 070 Table  3:  Fields  of  View  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Olympus  SZ61TR  Dissecting  Microscope   Zoom  Setting 0. 67X 0. 8X 1X