Traditional Holiday Terms in German

Whether youre celebrating Christmas in a German-speaking country or you want to bring a few old-world traditions home, these German phrases and traditions will make your holiday truly authentic. The first two sections below contain general German Christmas  and New Years greetings followed by the English translations. The subsequent sections are grouped alphabetically, with the English word or phrase printed first, followed by the German translations. German nouns always start with a capital letter, unlike English, where only proper nouns or nouns that begin a sentence are capitalized. German nouns are also generally preceded by an article, such as  die  or der, which means the in English. So, study the tables, and youll be saying  Frà ¶hliche Weihnachten! (Merry Christmas) as well as many other German holiday greetings in no time. German Christmas Greetings German Greeting English Translation Ich wnsche I wish Wir wnschen We wish dir You Euch You all Ihnen You, formal deiner Familie Your family Ein frohes Fest! A joyous holiday! Frohe Festtage! Seasons Greetings! / Happy Holidays! Frohe Weihnachten! Merry Christmas! Frohes Weihnachtsfest! [A] joyous Christmas celebration! Frhliche Weihnachten! Merry Christmas! Ein gesegnetes Weihnachtsfest! A blessed/joyous Christmas! Gesegnete Weihnachten und ein glckliches neues Jahr! A blessed Christmas and a happy new year! Herzliche Weihnachtsgre! Best Christmas greetings! Ein frohes Weihnachtsfest und alles Gute zum neuen Jahr! A joyful Christmas (festival) and best wishes for the new year! Zum Weihnachtsfest besinnliche Stunden! [We wish you] Contemplative / reflective hours during the Christmas celebration! Ein frohes und besinnliches Weihnachtsfest! A merry and reflective/thoughtful Christmas! German New Year’s Greetings German Saying English Translation Alles Gute zum neuen Jahr! Best wishes for the new year! Einen guten Rutsch ins neue Jahr! A good start in the new year! Prosit Neujahr! Happy New Year! Ein glckliches neues Jahr! Happy New Year! Glck und Erfolg im neuen Jahr! Good fortune and success in the new year! Zum neuen Jahr Gesundheit, Glck und viel Erfolg! Health, happiness, and much success in the new year! Advent to Baumkuchen Advent (Latin for arrival, coming) is the four-week period leading up to Christmas. In German-speaking countries and most of  Europe,  the first Advent weekend is the traditional beginning of the Christmas season  when open-air Christmas markets (Christkindlmà ¤rkte) appear in many cities, the most famous ones being in Nuremberg and Vienna. Baumkuchen, listed below, is a  tree cake, a layered cake whose interior resembles tree rings when cut. English Word of Phrase German Translation Advent calendar(s) Adventskalender Advent season Adventszeit Advent wreath Adventskranz Angel(s) der Engel Basel chocolate balls Basler Brunsli Baumkuchen der Baumkuchen Candles to Crà ¨che (Manger) Candles, with their light and warmth, have long been used in German winter celebrations as symbols of the sun in the dark of winter. Christians later adopted candles as their own symbols of the Light of the World. Candles also play an important role in Hanukkah, the eight-day Jewish Festival of Lights. English Word or Phrase German Translation Carol(s), Christmas carol(s): Weihnachtslied (-er) Carp der Karpfen Chimney der Schornstein Choir der Chor Crche, manger die Krippe Christmas to Crescent Christ Child translates into German as  das Christkind or das Christkindl.  The moniker Kris Kringle is actually a corruption of  Christkindl. The word came into American English via the Pennsylvania Germans, whose neighbors misunderstood the German word for the bringer of gifts. With the passage of time, Santa Claus (from Dutch Sinterclaas) and Kris Kringle became synonymous. The Austrian town of  Christkindl  bei  Steyr  is a popular Christmas post office, an Austrian North Pole. English Word or Phrase German Translation Christmas das Weihnachten, das Weihnachtsfest Christmas bread/cake, fruit cake der Stollen, der Christstollen, der Striezel Christmas card(s) Weihnachtskarte Christmas Eve Heiligabend Christmas market(s) Weihnachtsmarkt, Christkindlesmarkt Christmas pyramid die Weihnachtspyramide Christmas tree der Christbaum, der Tannenbaum, der Weihnachtsbaum Cinnamon star(s) Zimtstern: Star-shaped, cinnamon-flavored Christmastime cookies Cookies Kekse, Kipferln, Pltzchen Cradle Wiege Crib Krippe, Kripplein Crescent(s) Kipferl Father Christmas to Glass Ball In the 16th century, Protestants, led by Martin Luther, introduced Father Christmas to replace Saint Nicholas and to avoid the Catholic saints. In the Protestant parts of Germany and Switzerland, Saint Nicholas became  der Weihnachtsmann  (Christmas Man). In the U.S., he came to be known as Santa Claus, while in England children look forward to a visit from Father Christmas. English Word of Phrase German Translation Father Christmas (Santa Claus) der Weihnachtsmann: Fir tree der Tannenbaum (-bume) Fruit bread (Christmas bread) der Stollen, das Kletzenbrot Garland die Girlande Gift(s) das Geschenk Gift giving die Bescherung Gingerbread der Lebkuchen Glass ball die Glaskugel Holly to Ring   In pagan times, Holly ( die Stechpalme)  was believed to have magical powers that kept evil spirits away. Christians later made it a symbol of Christs crown of thorns. According to legend, the holly berries were originally white but turned red from Christs blood. English Word or Phrase German Translation Holly die Stechpalme King(s) der Knig Three Kings (Wise Men) die Heiligen Drei Knige, die Weisen Kipferl das Kipferl: An Austrian Christmas cookie. Lighting die Beleuchtung Outdoor lighting die Auenbeleuchtung Lights die Lichter Marzipan das Marzipan (almond paste candy) Midnight mass die Christmette, Mitternachtsmette Mistletoe die Mistel Mulled, spiced wine der Glhwein (glow wine) Myrrh die Myrrhe Nativity die Krippe, Krippenbild, die Geburt Christi Nut(s) die Nuss (Nsse) Nutcracker(s) der Nussknacker Organ, pipe organ die Orgel Ornaments, ornamentation die Verzierung, der Schmuck Poinsettia die Poinsettie, der Weihnachtsstern Reindeer das Rentier Ring (bells) erklingen, klingeln Saint Nicholas to Wreath Saint Nicholas is not Santa Claus or the American Saint Nick. Dec. 6, the Feast of St. Nicholas, is the day upon which the original Bishop Nicholas of Myra (now in Turkey) is commemorated and is the date of his death in the year 343. He was later granted sainthood. The German  Sankt Nikolaus, dressed as a bishop, brings gifts on that day. According to legend, it was also Bishop Nicholas who created the Christmas tradition of hanging stockings by the fireplace. The kindly bishop is said to have thrown bags of gold for the poor down the chimney. The bags landed in stockings that had been hung by the fire to dry. This Saint Nicholas legend may also partly explain the American custom of Santa coming down the chimney with his bag of gifts. English Word or Phrase German Translation Saint Nicholas der Sankt Nikolaus Sheep das Schaf (-e) Shepherd(s) der Hirt (-en), der Schfer Silent Night Stille Nachte Sing singen Sled, sleigh, toboggan der Schlitten Snow (noun) der Schnee Snow (verb) schneien (Its snowing - Es schneit) Snowball der Schneeball Snowflake die Schneeflocke Snowman der Schneemann Snow sled/sleigh der Schlitten Snowy schneeig Snow covered schneebedeckt Stable, stall der Stall Star(s) der Stern Straw star(s) der Strohstern (Strohsterne): a traditional Christmas decoration made of straw. Tinsel das Lametta, der Flitter Toy(s) das Spielzeug Wreath der Kranz

Education and Social Welfare Personal Reflections

Social policy mainly refers to procedures, principles, and regulations that affect the living conditions of individuals.Social Welfare has changed as the country has developed and the wants and needs of people and families have become more diverse. Social Policy will never fully meet every need of every individual or family, which is why there are reforms to the current welfare programs; so that the highest amount of people can be helped. Current programs such as TANF, and HUD have always been around. They may not have always been called these things. The way I see it back in the day when they would take children to the â€Å"poor farms† was just another time of assistance. They then were trying to teach them life skills so that they could better provide for themselves and their families, and make society an equal that had work ethic. Some changes attempted to help the poor move to work other than continuing to need aid. I believe that there are many issues for social policy. First, I would have to say that an issue I feel is pressing would be meeting basic human needs. Individuals who are unable to work, whose wages are scarce, or for people who jobs are not available for; have the right to an income or even services adequate to meet their basic needs. This would include food, shelter and access to health care. With leading the nation, I would set standards and guidelines for social welfare programs and I would have chief responsibility for funding programs aimed to help meetShow MoreRelatedThe Nasw Stands For The National Association Of Social1057 Words   |  5 PagesAssociation of Social Workers. The NASW has made a code of ethics for all social workers to follow. The mission of practicing social workers is social justice for everyone, service to anyone in need, treating everyone with dignity and recognize their worth, understand the importance of human relationships, integrity in everything weà ¢â‚¬â„¢re involved in, and competence in the field. 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Human Inference Theory Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Inference Theory. Answer: Introduction Inferences describe the stages in reasoning that moves from the premises to conclusions. The inference have been divided by Charles Sanders Peirce into 3 kinds of induction, deduction and abduction. The deduction inference refers to deriving logical conclusions from the assumed or known premises to be true with valid inference laws being studied logically. Induction inference is derived from a given premises to the universal conclusions whereas abduction inference is drawn from the best explication. The human inference or how the human arrive at conclusions is studied conventionally within the cognitive psychology field; artificial intelligence scholars establish automated inference systems that facilitate the emulation of human inference. The statistical inference utilizes the mathematics to derive conclusions in face of uncertainty thereby generalizing the deterministic reasoning without uncertainty as a unique instance. The inductive reasoning describes the process by which a conclusion becomes inferred from manifold observations. This conclusion could either be incorrect or correct within a given degree of accuracy or correct in specific context. Conclusion inferred from manifold observations could be tested by extra observations. Inference is conventionally described as that conclusion arrived at based on reasoning and evidence or the process of arriving at such evidence/reason-based conclusion. Human Inference Theory and Its Application in UAEs Universities to Attract Students: Human Inference Theory (HIT) encompass a tangle of challenging as well as interrelated issues which entail contributions from diverse disciplines. Inferences are phases in reasoning which assist a person to get to a deduction from the premises. According to correspondent inference theory, the judgment of personality of a human being is stated to correspond to some particular behavior. In the correspondent inference theory, the 2 principles remained vital to infer a character of a person positively correlates with her respective behavior. For example, an action is what many people shall be anticipated to behave in a context and the response recommended traits are never obvious to reasonably draw correspondent inferences. Traditionally, rational conclusions were studied in the discipline of cognitive psychology. Here, the scholars in artificial intelligence (AI) developed a system in automated inference to imitate human reasoning (Goodman Frank, 2016). The Greek philosophers argued that any given arguments validity hinges on deduction form and the phrase valid doesnt imply that the premises or conclusion remain true. Because statistics remains the study of variable data, their respective measures reflect how the can be modelled effectively. It remains valuable to know that instruments whose scale remain imperfect and, therefore, shall make the outcome vary can measure such a data. Primarily the variability could be triggered by the seasonality of environmental variables which shall occur in the course of the day. All such variability shall culminate in the utilization of probability to make an effective conclusion whereby there is uncertainty is generalizes the deterministic reasoning. The categorical and quantitative data is used in deductions that are subjected to random variables. The likelihood where the researcher is able to estimate utilizing the confidence or utilize the Bayesian probability assists in making the right proba bility distribution hence writing an effective hypothesis and ultimately hit a conclusion. Human is divided into 3 classes according to Charles Sanders Pierce. The 3 categories encompass deductive, abduction and inductive. Deductive inference are utilized in driving thoughtful conclusions from the underlying assumptions which are known to be true. Moreover, the deductive reasoning can as be divided into 3 schools of thought. The 1st class is hinged on the performance on factual knowledge. The 2nd is category is concerned with the system of formal assumptions of reasoning to those in the logical calculus. The 3rd category is anchored on mental models of thinking to the ones of in a logical calculus (Heit, 2015). The deductive inference hits a conclusion in a reductive way whereby it applies general rules which put together the whole domain of enclosure. It narrows this range that is under consideration till the need conclusion is exited. Inductive reasoning is a process whereby several assumptions held to be true are merged together to acquire a given conclusion. The infere nce is primarily utilized in the applications which depend on predictions behavior/forecasting (Kaplan, 2013). Inductive reasoning unlike other logic, is an argument that view premises as proving a substantial evidence that lead to a true conclusion. Abduction is a logical reasoning that engages from what is under observation to a theory meant to offer an account of the observation which ideally avails the simplest explication. As opposed to other reasoning, the premises dont ideally give an assurance to the conclusion, and, therefore it is able to be understood as an inference to best result. As such, it makes the abduction inference equivalent to the logical fallacy which affirms the subsequent because of manifold conclusion in observation. Integrating inference in the construction of artificial intelligence systems occurs in two stages. In the first one, algorithms for fixed functions like mathematical calculations and calendars are written and added to the system (Hosch, 2013). The second one involves writing adaptive algorithms that mimic human inference. People continually adapt to new situations as they encounter them thus infinitely extending their knowledge base. Most computer systems have to be updated with new information and plug-ins to perform functions that were not in the initial system algorithm. Computer scientists are seeking to invent systems that can autonomously extend their knowledge base. Currently, computer systems help in executing numerous complex activities but cannot be used as substitutes for humans because they operate based on whatever information is in their system. They are incapable of processing any information that is not in their knowledge base (Copeland, 2017). Application of Human Inference Theory The application of the HIT can best be understood on the basis of the three classes according to Charles Sanders Pierce including the deductive, abduction and inductive inference. An inference is an idea usually derived from the process of reasoning. It involves using empirical data, observation or past experiences to arrive at a logical conclusion about something. Human Inference is a natural part of observation, and it is as old as history (Bradford, 2015). The human inference theory occurs within the field of cognitive psychology, and it refers to how people draw conclusions while interacting with various stimuli in their environment. According to this model, humans do not spontaneously construct logical proofs when they reason but rather, they rely on rapid intuition making their conclusions prone to systematic errors (Heit, 2015). For this reason, it has become impossible to apply logical formalism in determining and recovering assertions in human inference. However, people can use cognition to correct these errors through deliberation. Human inference also entails various tasks, some of which can be carried out at the same time. For instance, they can generate conclusions from a set of assertions, consult background knowledge to explain inconsistencies and make probable outcomes for unique events. Humans utilize the use of semantic labels (Heit, 2015). They make predictions based on a categorization of what is immediately recognizable due to a human need for cognitive economy; a term that refers to how people categorize the world to provide a maximally efficient way of representing information about frequently encountered objects (Bradford, 2015). Inductive Reasoning/Inference Inductive reasoning or inference is that reasoning from a particular instance or case and drawing a general rule. It derives inferences from the observation to reach generalization. In so doing, the Inductive Inference recognizes that conclusion could not be sure. The Inductive inference can be used in UAEs Universities to Attract Students based on four phases: observation; analysis; inference; and confirmation. Under observation, the observation will help the students to gather facts without bias and then undertake the classification of facts, identification of trends or patterns of regularity under the anlysis. Under inference, the students can effective infer generalization from the identified patterns or trends regarding the correlation between facts (Tsuda, 2015). It is also beneficial to students in arguments. For example, the students will be able to derive a general rule in the conventional area and the move a notch higher to apply such a rule in the field where he wants the person to behave. Also, it will be helpful during the arguments because it will give the students a lot of details and subsequently explicate what it all means in the specific field. Inductive arguments is also helpful to students because it will help them talk about the benefits of the portions and only get to the general benefits later. Inductive inference is helpful in argument as it enables the students to take what has occurred and provide plausible explication for why it has ensued. It gives the learners an opportunity to either use part-to-whole; extrapolation or predictions in arguments (He, 2016). Early proponents of induction inference like Francis Bacon have explained the importance of helping the students understand nature in an unbiased manner via the use of Inductive Inference because it derives laws from neutral observation. The induction utilizes evidence as opposed to logic where it states, all these are true, hence that should be as well be true. This can lead to uncertain and probabilistic conclusion than the more limited and certain deductive reasoning. The inductive arguments are, therefore, always open to queries as, by definition, the conclusion remains bigger bag as opposed to evidence on which it is founded. Such a breadth permits it to be utilized where the deductive inference fails like in the case of invention and prediction. In argument, beginning with the comprehensive anchors ones persuasion in reality, utilizing immediate sensory data of what is seeable and touchable then proceeding to the big picture of ideas, principles and general rules. Beginning from a small and building up to big is able to be less threatening than beginning with big stuff, that can make inductive arguments more convincing as students might understand the process better as opposed to a more clinical deduction. The inductive inference also attracts scientist since it enables the creation of laws through the observation of a range of phenomena, finding similarities and deriving a law that explain all things. Inductive arguments are thus made to be more valid as well as probable by adding evidence, albeit if such an evidence is selectively chosen, it could falsely hide the opposing evidence. Inductive reason needs both trust and illustration of integrity more than deductive reasoning. Deductive Reasoning/Inference This is the basic form of valid reasoning. It can as well be called deduction. It begins with a general statement or hypothesis, and then proceed to examine the possibilities to arrive at specific, logical conclusion. The scientific method utilizes deductions to test hypothesis and theories. And since learning most involve hypothesis testing, students will be highly attracted to use deductive inference. Here, the students will be able to hold a theory and based on such a theory, make credible predictions of its consequences. This implies that the students will be able to predict what the observations need to be in case the theory were correct. The students go from a general-theory-to the specific-observation. Inferences is a basically a set of strategies that help the students develop the essential thinking skills to succeed in tasks. The teachers use inference strategies to appeal to students. All inference strategies work in similar manner: A teacher presents learners with a puzzling query, a discrepant incident, incomplete data, or even an exciting problem to solve. Learners are then anticipated to utilize their reasoning powers to develop hypotheses. The students then test and refine the developed hypotheses. This skill has a broad array significant impact on the achievement of students in UAEs universities. The students can use different process when drawing their conclusions including inductive learning, mystery, main idea and investigation as inference strategies. Inductive learning helps learners to draw inferences by grouping the data, labelling data groups with descriptive titles, and utilizing groups to produce and test hypotheses. Mystery will present the students with a puzzling question or context and has learners examine clues which help them explicate the mystery (Whitney,2002). Main idea teaches the learners how to use inferential thinking when constructing main ideas which are not stated explicitly. Investigation challenges the students to utilize a range of problem-solving approaches that need inference. Together, these four inference strategies deepen the interaction of the students with the content and develop their inference skills. They improve students thinking and classroom discussion. Conclusion Human beings reason subjectively while using their life experiences as a reference (Whitney, 2002). Supposing that two people encounter the same experiences, the meanings each derives from them are unique as our schemas. Scripts are not universal because people react differently to different stimuli. However, they are culturally crafted. For example, a script for eating in the English culture involves placing a napkin on the neck or lap and using a fork and knife. In Chinese culture, food is eaten using chopsticks and so acquiring a script requires learning how to use chopsticks. A person aiming to either understand how people reason as in cognitive psychologists or how to best mimic human reasoning in machines as in computer scientist has to strive to understand how people construct the references they use for inference. References Bradford,A. (2015). Deductive Reasoning vs. Inductive Reasoning. Retrieved from https://www.livescience.com/21569-deduction-vs-induction.html Copeland,B.J. (2017). Artificial Intelligence | Definition, Examples, and Applications | Britannica.com. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/artificial-intelligence Gabbay, D., Hartmann, S., Woods, J. (2010).Inductive logic(1st ed.). Oxford: North-Holland. Goodman, N. D., Frank, M. C. (2016). Pragmatic language interpretation as probabilistic inference. Trends in cognitive sciences, 20(11), 818-829. Hacking, I. (2001).An introduction to probability and inductive logic(1st ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. He, X. (2016, February). Understanding Diffusion Processes: Inference and Theory. In Proceedings of the Ninth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (pp. 707-707). ACM. Heit,E. (2015). Brain imaging, forward inference, and theories of reasoning. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8, 1056. Retrieved from https://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2014.01056 Hosch,W.L. (2013). Genetic Algorithm | Computer Science | Britannica.com. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/genetic-algorithm Kaplan, M. F. (Ed.). (2013). Human judgement and decision processes. Academic Press. MacKay, D. (2003).Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms(1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Rugg,G. (2013). Schema theory, scripts, and mental templates: An introduction | hyde and rugg [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://hydeandrugg.wordpress.com/2013/08/30/schema-theory-scripts-and-mental-templates-an-introduction/ Tsuda, I. (2015). Logic Dynamics for Deductive InferenceIts Stability and Neural Basis. In Chaos, Information Processing and Paradoxical Games: The Legacy of John S Nicolis (pp. 355-373). Whitney,P. (2002). Schemas, Frames, and Scripts in Cognitive Psychology - International Encyclopedia of the Social Behavioral Sciences. Retrieved from Goldman, A. I. (2015). Theory of human action. Princeton University Press.

Sammy Essays - Major League Baseball, Baseball, Chicago Cubs

Sammy Sosa And Mark McGwire Probably the best season in baseball history has nearly come to an end. The home run race was, for sure, the highlight of the 1998 season. The two front-runners of this race were Sammy Sosa and Mark McGwire. In this essay I will compare their lives. I will tell about how different their childhoods were. I will explain how differently the media treated each player during the season, and I will tell about each player's accomplishments, and who I think should win the MVP award. Sammy Sosa grew up in the Dominican Republic. His family lived in poverty. His father was a farmer, and passed away when Sammy was only 7 years old. Many people helped Sammy's mother with food and clothing for he and his 5 siblings, something Sammy would never forget. He helped his family by shining shoes, and working as a janitor in a shoe factory. Mark McGwire grew up in suburban southern California, the son of a dentist, so money was never an issue. He had the support of his father throughout his entire career, unlike Sosa. Sosa is probably much more grateful for his accomplishments than Mcgwire because he came from such poverty. It was surprising how different the media treated both of the players. It seemed their focus was on McGwire, with Sosa just a tag-along in a fluke season. When Mark McGwire hit homer number 62, the game stopped, the red carpet rolled out, a podium set up, and a 30 minute ceremony ensued. Then a few days later, when Sammy hit number 62 to put his team ahead in the late innings of a very important game, play resumed like it was just another day at the ol' ballpark. Mark, after hitting his homerun, was congratulated by Roger Maris's family (the man who set the record of 61 homeruns), the commissioner of baseball, and many other baseball greats. On the other hand, Sammy was content with a few insincere phone calls, and a pat on the back by his teammates. They each accomplished the same feat. Why such a diverse acknowledgment? At the completion of the 1998 regular season McGwire finished with 4 more homeruns than Sosa, but this was the only category that he led Sosa in. Sammy batted .308 compared to Mark's .299. Sosa drove in 158 runs, while McGwire drove in 147. Sosa finished with an astounding 198 hits, and McGwire managed only 152. Sammy scored 134 runs and Mark only 130. The numbers are very clear, that Sammy Sosa is a much better all-around player, not to mention that he led his Chicago Cubs to their first postseason appearance in 9 years. Any person who thinks Mark McGwire is a more valuable player than Sosa is completely unreasonable. Mark Mcgwire's and Sammy Sosa's childhoods were tremendously different, but it seems the game of baseball has brought them together. If Sosa, clearly having better statistics than McGwire, does not win MVP, I will have to ask myself "Was it because he was black?" I hope the sports writers will save us the controversy and vote for the Most Valuable Player; after all, that is what MVP stands for.